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How do asteroids spin in space? The answer could help us prevent a catastrophic Earth impact

When it comes to saving Earth from a potential doomsday rock, knowing where to hit it and how it spins could make all the difference. Two new studies presented last month at the Europlanet Science Congress in Helsinki may have just given scientists both answers. In one study, researchers led by Wen-Han Zhou of the University of Tokyo used data from the European Space Agency's now-retired Gaia mission to study how an asteroid's spin depends on how often it's been hit by other space rocks. In another study, a team led by Rahil Makadia of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed a method for identifying the safest regions on an asteroid to strike with a deflection mission, without accidentally steering it back toward Earth. Together, the findings offer a new way to understand the structure and behavior of these ancient bodies — knowledge that could prove critical to deflecting a dangerous asteroid if it were ever on a collision course with our planet. "By leveraging Gaia's unique dataset, advanced modelling and AI tools, we've revealed the hidden physics shaping asteroid rotation, and opened a new window into the interiors of these ancient worlds," Zhou said in a statement. In recent decades, astronomers have been puzzled by why some asteroids rotate like spinning tops while others tumble through space in chaotic, unpredictable ways. Zhou's team set out to solve that mystery using Gaia's vast archive of asteroid light patterns and new computer models. Their analysis showed that an asteroid's spin pattern boils down to a cosmic "tug of war" between two forces: collisions that knock them into unstable motion and internal friction that gradually smooths their rotation. "When these two effects balance, they create a natural dividing line in the asteroid population," Zhou said in the statement. Machine learning revealed this "dividing line" in Gaia's data as a clear gap between fast-spinning asteroids and slow, tumbling ones. Slower rotators, the researchers found, are more easily jolted into a wobble by impacts, while faster ones resist those disturbances, according to the statement. Sunlight also plays a subtle but important role, the study reports. As an asteroid's surface heats up during the day and cools at night, it emits tiny bursts of radiation that act like microscopic thrusts. For smoothly spinning asteroids, those pushes line up in the same direction and gradually change their spin rate. But for tumblers, the pushes more or less cancel each other out, trapping them in their slow, chaotic motion. The results also indicate that many asteroids aren't solid chunks of rock, but loose clusters of rock and dust held together weakly by gravity, known to astronomers as "rubble piles." That distinction matters for planetary defense, scientists say, because a fragile, porous asteroid would react to a spacecraft's impact very differently than a dense, solid one. As more sky surveys come online, scientists will be able to apply this method to much larger samples, Zhou said in the statement. With upcoming observatories such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time, "we'll be able to apply this method to millions more asteroids, refining our understanding of their evolution and make-up." If knowing how an asteroid spins is the first step, the next is figuring out where to hit it. Makadia's team investigated what happens when a spacecraft slams into an asteroid, and found that not all impact sites are created equal. Striking the wrong spot could send an asteroid drifting into what scientists call a gravitational keyhole — a tiny region of space where a planet's gravity could subtly bend the asteroid's orbit and make it swing back toward Earth on a future pass decades or centuries later. "Even if we intentionally push an asteroid away from Earth with a space mission, we must make sure it doesn't drift into one of these keyholes afterwards," Makadia said in a different statement. "Otherwise, we'd be facing the same impact threat again down the line." To avoid such a cosmic boomerang effect, Makadia's team created probability maps of asteroid surfaces that could guide mission planners. Using lessons from NASA's DART mission, which slammed into the asteroid Dimorphos in September 2022, and realistic spacecraft trajectories, they simulated hundreds of millions of kinetic-impact missions, each varying slightly in speed, angle and timing. For each simulation, they calculated how an asteroid's motion would change, and whether it might drift into one of these gravitational keyholes. Repeating this process for a range of impact points and rotation angles allowed them to pinpoint the safest and most effective strike zones, according to the second statement. "With these probability maps, we can push asteroids away while preventing them from returning on an impact trajectory, protecting the Earth in the long run," said Makadia. To test their model, the researchers applied it to the near-Earth asteroid Bennu, one of the best-studied near-Earth objects thanks to NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission, which precisely mapped its surface, studied its orbit and brought a sample of the space rock home to Earth. Earlier models had shown that Bennu's path included several potential gravitational keyholes that could, in theory, redirect it toward Earth sometime in the 22nd century. But data from OSIRIS-REx dramatically reduced those uncertainties, ruling out many potential keyholes and future impact scenarios. Using that precise orbital data, Makadia's team simulated spacecraft impacts under a variety of conditions and projected Bennu's potential keyhole encounters, creating detailed impact-probability maps. These maps show which areas on an asteroid would make the safest targets, and which regions could increase the long-term risk of a future encounter, the study notes. The optimal strike zones, marked as bright crosshairs in the model, show where a spacecraft could nudge an asteroid's orbit away from Earth without triggering a dangerous return later on. According to the study, this kind of analysis could help design safer deflection missions even using only ground-based observations, when time doesn't allow for a dedicated rendezvous spacecraft. "Fortunately, this entire analysis, at least at a preliminary level, is possible using ground-based observations alone, although a rendezvous mission is preferred," Makadia said in the statement. As next-generation telescopes and missions uncover millions more asteroids, studies like these are helping scientists write a planetary defense blueprint to safeguard Earth.

2025-10-18 李金梁航空英-中

What time is SpaceX's Starship Flight 11 launch on Oct. 13? How to watch it live

SpaceX plans to launch the 11th test flight of its Starship megarocket on Monday evening (Oct. 13), and we've got the information you need to tune in live. The Starship Flight 11 test is scheduled to launch from SpaceX's Starbase site in South Texas on Monday (Oct. 13), during a 75-minute window that opens at 7:15 p.m. EDT (2315 GMT; 6:15 p.m. local Texas time). You can watch the liftoff live on this page, courtesy of SpaceX. You can visit our Starship Flight 11 live updates page for the latest info. Flight 11 will be the fifth Starship launch of 2025. SpaceX hopes to build on the success of Flight 10, which launched on Aug. 26 and achieved all of its major objectives. (Flight 7, Flight 8 and Flight 9, which also launched this year, were more checkered; SpaceX lost the Starship upper stage prematurely on each of them.) SpaceX intends to settle Mars using Starship, and NASA has tapped the vehicle as the first crewed lander for its Artemis program of moon exploration. But the 400-foot-tall (121-meter-tall) Starship — the biggest and most powerful rocket ever built — is still in the testing phase, and the company hopes Monday's action will get it closer to the finish line. SpaceX is targeting Monday (Oct. 13), for the launch of Starship Flight 11, with liftoff expected at 7:15 p.m. EDT (2315 GMT). SpaceX has a 75-minute launch window, however, so Starship could fly any time between 7:15 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. EDT (2315 to 0030 GMT). According to local road closure alerts around Starbase, SpaceX has backup Flight 11 launch dates on Tuesday (Oct. 14) and Wednesday (Oct. 15), if Starship can't get off the ground on Monday. Related: Read our SpaceX Starship and Super Heavy guide for a detailed look You can watch SpaceX's Starship Flight 11 test launch in a few ways. SpaceX will stream the liftoff live via its X account, as well as on its Starship Flight 11 mission page and the X TV app. Coverage will begin about 30 minutes before launch — so, at 6:45 p.m. EDT (2245 GMT), if SpaceX continues to target the beginning of the launch window on Monday. Space.com will simulcast the SpaceX Flight 11 stream on this page, as well as on our homepage and our YouTube channel. If you want a longer livestream, you can check out NASASpaceflight's webcast on YouTube. This stream will begin at about 4:15 p.m. EDT (2015 GMT) and feature live commentary during "go for launch" polling and other key preflight activities. Finally, if you're in the area, you can watch SpaceX's Starship Flight 11 in person. SpaceX doesn't have an official launch-viewing site for the public or the media, but you can find a spot yourself. One good option is Cameron County Amphitheater, in Isla Blanca Park on South Padre Island, which provides clear views of Starbase's orbital launch mount from across the water. You can also stake out a place along the shore of nearby Port Isabel. Traffic in the area tends to get very heavy in the leadup to a Starship launch, so plan to get to your preferred viewing site early — multiple hours early, if possible. If all goes according to plan, Starship Flight 11 will last just over an hour. The mission will be broadly similar to Flight 10, with ocean landings planned for both Starship stages — the Super Heavy booster and Starship (or "Ship" for short) upper stage. (There will be no "chopsticks" catch of Super Heavy by the Starbase launch tower this time.) "The upcoming flight will build on the successful demonstrations from Starship’s 10th flight test with flight experiments gathering data for the next-generation Super Heavy booster, stress-testing Starship's heat shield, and demonstrating maneuvers that will mimic the upper stage’s final approach for a future return to launch site," SpaceX wrote in a mission overview. The Flight 11 Super Heavy already has a launch under its belt — it conducted Flight 8 on March 6, capping its work that day with a successful return to Starbase for a chopsticks catch. Twenty-four of its 33 Raptor engines are veterans of that previous mission, according to SpaceX. The chief objective for Super Heavy this time around is to test a new landing-burn strategy for the next-generation Starship, a bigger vehicle that's expected to debut early next year. (Flight 11 will be the final launch of the current "Version 2" iteration of Starship.) "Super Heavy will ignite 13 engines at the start of the landing burn and then transition to a new configuration with five engines running for the divert phase," SpaceX wrote in the mission description. "Previously done with three engines, the planned baseline for V3 Super Heavy will use five engines during the section of the burn responsible for fine-tuning the booster’s path, adding additional redundancy for spontaneous engine shutdowns," the company added. "The booster will then transition to its three center engines for the end of the landing burn, entering a full hover while still above the ocean surface, followed by shutdown and dropping into the Gulf of America." Ship will fly much farther and longer than Super Heavy on Flight 11. As on Flight 10, the upper stage will deploy eight payloads (dummy versions of SpaceX's Starlink broadband satellites) into suborbital space. This milestone is scheduled to occur over a seven-minute stretch beginning 18.5 minutes after liftoff. Ship will also briefly reignite one of its six Raptor engines in space a little under 38 minutes into the flight, demonstrating a key capability for a vehicle designed to travel to the moon and Mars. In addition, Flight 11 will put Ship's heat shield and other reentry systems to the test, gathering data to pave the way for "chopstick" catches of the upper stage down the road. "For reentry, tiles have been removed from Starship to intentionally stress-test vulnerable areas across the vehicle," SpaceX wrote in the mission description. "Several of the missing tiles are in areas where tiles are bonded to the vehicle and do not have a backup ablative layer. To mimic the path a ship will take on future flights returning to Starbase, the final phase of Starship’s trajectory on Flight 11 includes a dynamic banking maneuver and will test subsonic guidance algorithms prior to a landing burn and splashdown in the Indian Ocean." Ship is expected to reenter Earth's atmosphere just under 48 minutes after launch and hit the water off the coast of Western Australia about 18 minutes later. SpaceX has two official backup days for Flight 11 at this point, according to a beach and road closure notice issued by Texas' Cameron County — Tuesday (Oct. 14) and Wednesday (Oct. 15). The launch windows are likely the same on Tuesday and Wednesday, though we'll have to wait for confirmation from SpaceX on that end.

2025-10-15 李金梁航空英-中

World Space Week 2025 explores what it means to live beyond Earth

The idea of making a home in space is rapidly shifting from possibility to reality. That vision is at the heart of this year's World Space Week (WSW), celebrated annually from Oct. 4 to Oct. 10, with the 2025 theme: "Living in Space." First established by the United Nations in 1999, WSW has grown into the largest annual space event on Earth, marked by thousands of activities across more than 90 countries. The celebration not only highlights current topics in the space industry but also commemorates two milestones in history: The launch of Sputnik 1 on Oct. 4, 1957, and the signing of the Outer Space Treaty on Oct. 10, 1967. Today, those anniversaries serve as a foundation for looking toward a future in which humans might live and work permanently in orbit, on the moon or even Mars. "Ten people live in space today, but this number will grow," Dennis Stone, WSW Association President, said in a statement. "With new space stations and increasing benefits from research in microgravity, the population in orbit will keep rising, and eventually people will live and work on the moon and Mars." Each year, a unifying WSW theme helps guide discussions, outreach and education efforts. Past years served to highlight issues like climate change and entrepreneurship, but this year zeroes in on what it really means to build and sustain human presence off Earth. "Living in Space" isn't just about designing spacecraft or stations — it's about solving the complex challenges that come with turning space into a home. These range from developing closed-loop life support systems and radiation shielding to maintaining physical and mental health during long-duration missions. At Space.com, we've explored many of these questions, including how NASA and its partners are testing lunar habitat designs, what long-duration missions can teach us about astronaut health, and how commercial space stations are being planned as successors to the International Space Station (ISS), highlighting how the path to living off Earth is already being laid. All week long, schools, universities, space agencies and community organizations will host events such as hands-on workshops, interactive exhibits, online panels and art contests tied to "Living in Space." A wide range of global events are planned, from the Space Artwork Mosaic lighting up Piccadilly in London to NASA and Lockheed Martin's "Living on the Moon" online forum on lunar habitats. Crayola has also released educational resources for children to learn more about space. A total of 2,617 events have been registered for this year's WSW, many of which are aimed to encourage participants to imagine the technologies and lifestyles that could support living off Earth in orbital stations or lunar habitats. The goal is to spark excitement while inspiring the next generation of scientists, engineers and explorers who may one day call space home. A full list of events, both local and virtual, can be found online. Be sure to check back here over the coming days for our WSW coverage of global events, along with topics on what life in space might truly look like and the cutting-edge research shaping humanity's future beyond Earth.

2025-10-13 李金梁航空英-中