“预制娃”引热议！大学却在给新生布置暑假作业？
"Prefabricated babies" spark heated discussions! Universities are assigning summer homework to freshmen?
最近，一个带着浓重工业流水线味道的词——“预制娃”，刷屏网络。
Recently, a term with a strong industrial assembly line feel—"prefabricated baby"—has gone viral online.
什么是“预制娃”？指在假期里提前学完下学期的内容，开学后再由学校“二次加热”，并用考试检验预制效果的孩子。家长好比中央厨房，负责“预制”，学校好比微波炉，负责“二次加热”。
What is a "prefabricated baby"? This refers to children who finish learning the next semester's content in advance during the holidays, and then have the school "reheat" it after the start of the semester, and use exams to test the effectiveness of the preparation. Parents are like a central kitchen, responsible for "prefabrication," while schools are like microwave ovens, responsible for "secondary heating."
一边是全社会对“预制娃”的质疑和声讨，而另一边，随着高考录取的尘埃落定，各高校在向2026级新生寄出录取通知书的同时，随之发布新生暑期任务——必读书单、前置微课、学术规范入门等。新生们感慨：刚拿到录取通知书，还没从“终于解脱了”的快乐里回过神来，邮箱里已经躺着一份新的学习任务。
On the one hand, the whole society questioned and denounced the "prefabricated baby"; on the other hand, with the settlement of the dust of college entrance examination, colleges and universities, while sending admission notices to freshmen in 2026, released summer tasks for freshmen-required reading lists, pre-micro-classes, introduction to academic standards, etc. The freshmen sighed: I just got the admission notice, and I haven't recovered from the happiness of "finally being relieved". There is already a new learning task lying in the mailbox.
有人调侃：原来大学也在搞“预制”？但如果仔细看看这些书单和课程里装的是什么，你会发现答案恰好相反。
Some people ridiculed: It turns out that universities are also engaged in "prefabrication"? But if you take a closer look at what these lists and courses contain, you will see the opposite answer.
拒绝“预制娃”，拒绝的不是学习，而是流水线
Refuse "prefabricated baby", refuse not learning, but assembly line
先来厘清这轮对“预制娃”的批评和质疑，反对的到底是什么。
First, let's clarify this round of criticism and questioning of "prefabricated babies", and what are they opposed to.
不是反对学习。反对的是被动填鸭、标准答案导向、把学习异化为纯粹的应试工具。全国教育辟谣平台日前发布的文章《贩卖暑期教育焦虑的套路与话术曝光》梳理得很清楚——暑期焦虑话术有三个核心套路：一是“拿政策当虎皮”，把课标里“逐步探索”的表述歪曲成“马上执行”、“不补就跟不上”；二是“把学段转换夸张为生死关口”，幼升小、小升初、初升高，每个衔接期都被包装成“一掉队毁所有”；三是“用超前学习置换正常适应”，把暑假正常的心理过渡偷换成知识抢跑。
Not against learning. What is opposed is passive duck stuffing, standard answer orientation, and alienating learning into pure test-taking tools. The article "Routines and Discourse Exposure of Selling Summer Education Anxiety" published recently by the National Education Rumor Refuting Platform is very clear-there are three core routines of summer anxiety discourse: First, "taking policies as tiger's skin" and distorting the expression of "gradual exploration" in the curriculum standard into "immediate implementation" and "unable to keep up without making up"; The second is to "exaggerate the transformation of the school period into a barrier of life and death", and each transition period is packaged as "one fall behind and destroy everything"; The third is to "replace normal adaptation with advanced learning", and steal the normal psychological transition of summer vacation to knowledge stealing.
本质上是把教育变成一条流水线：原材料(孩子)→按年级分拣→提前灌输下学期内容→产出标准件。在这条线上，暑假不是休息和自由探索的时间，而是流水线上的“预处理车间”。
Essentially, it is to turn education into an assembly line: raw materials (children) → sorting by grade → instilling the content of the next semester in advance → producing standard parts. On this line, summer vacation is not a time for rest and free exploration, but a "pretreatment workshop" on the assembly line.
显然，孩子不是工业产品，教育也不是工厂的流水线。公众真正反感和反对的，是这个逻辑。
Obviously, children are not industrial products, and education is not an assembly line in a factory. What the public really resents and opposes is this logic.
大学的“前置教育”恰恰是反流水线的
"Pre-education" in universities is precisely counter-assembly line
再看大学这边。高校发给新生的“暑期任务”，和K12补习班的超前学习，底层逻辑截然不同。
Look at the university side. The underlying logic of the "summer tasks" issued by colleges and universities to freshmen is completely different from the advanced learning of K12 cram schools.
看内容就知道了。
Just look at the content.
清华大学今年发布的2026暑期书单，列了十几本书：《西南联大行思录》《苏轼十讲》《庄子今注今译》《什么是科学》……没有一本是下学期教材。北大给中小学生推荐的暑期书单同样如此——从《昆虫记》到《时间简史》，从《九章算术》到《天工开物》，从《生命是什么》到《乡土中国》，跨度极大，共同点是：都不考。
Tsinghua University released its 2026 summer reading list this year, featuring more than a dozen books, including *Records of Southwest Associated University*, *Ten Lectures on Su Shi*, *Zhuangzi: A New Annotated Translation*, and *What Is Science*… None of them are textbooks for the next semester. The summer reading list recommended by Peking University for primary and secondary school students follows the same pattern — ranging from *Souvenirs Entomologiques* and *A Brief History of Time* to *The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art*, *The Exploitation of the Works of Nature*, *What Is Life?* and *From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society*. These works span an extremely wide spectrum, yet they share one thing in common: none will be tested in examinations.
无用之用，是为大用。专业课教的是知识，而这些“无用”之书教的是见识和智慧。专业课让你成为一个合格的专业人才，这些书让你成为一个完整的人。
The utility of the seemingly useless lies in its great utility. Specialized courses impart knowledge, while these “useless” books broaden vision and cultivate wisdom. Major courses train you to become a qualified professional, whereas these books help you grow into a well-rounded individual.
除了暑期书单，还有先导课程。据统计，清华大学、上海交通大学、浙江大学、武汉大学、 中国人民大学、南方科技大学等多所高校，均为本科新生提供了入学前置课程或微课，内容主要侧重学术规范、信息素养、文献检索、学业适应等，而不是高数或专业课。
Apart from summer reading lists, there are also introductory pre-college courses. Statistics show that many universities including Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Zhejiang University, Wuhan University, Renmin University of China and Southern University of Science and Technology offer pre-entry courses or micro-lessons for incoming undergraduates. The content mainly focuses on academic norms, information literacy, literature retrieval and academic adaptation, rather than advanced mathematics or professional courses.
为什么大学不担心新生“跟不上”？
Why are universities not worried that freshmen will “fall behind”?
因为一个刚从高考流水线上下来的学生，最缺的不是知识储备。真正缺的，是从“应试思维”到“学术思维”的转换能力。
Because what students coming straight out of the college entrance examination assembly line lack most is not knowledge reserves. What they truly lack is the ability to shift from exam-oriented thinking to academic thinking.
中学期间训练最多的能力是什么？是在已知问题和有限选项中找正确答案。但大学的课堂上会问你：你从这个现象能发现什么问题？你打算用什么方法去探索？如果假设被推翻了，下一步怎么办？这些问题没有标准答案，也没有哪个补习班能提前教。
What is the ability most intensively trained in secondary school? It is the skill of finding correct answers from given questions and limited options. But university classrooms ask you: What problems can you identify from this phenomenon? What methods will you adopt for exploration? What will you do next if your hypothesis is overturned? There are no standard answers to such questions, nor can any cram school teach them in advance.
所以，大学书单和前置课程的真正目的，不是知识抢跑，是思维转换——在进校门前先帮你做一件事：放下“刷题=学习”的肌肉记忆，重新学会为了好奇而读书。
Therefore, the real purpose of university reading lists and pre-entry courses is not to race ahead in knowledge learning, but to transform mindsets — to help you accomplish one thing before stepping onto campus: let go of the muscle memory that equates “doing exercises” with learning, and relearn to read out of curiosity.
为什么需要一次“卸载重装”？
Why is such an “uninstall and reinstall” of thinking needed?
为什么要转换？因为高中和大学本质上是两套操作系统。
Why convert? Because high school and college are essentially two sets of operating systems.
高中：已知问题→标准答案→分数排名。你只需要做一件事——把熟练度拉满。
High School: Known Questions → Standard Answers → Grade Rank. You only have to do one thing – pull the proficiency full.
大学：自己找问题→自己找方法→没有唯一答案。你得学会如何发现问题和解决问题。
College: Find your own problem → Find your own method → There is no one answer. You have to learn how to spot problems and solve them.
用高中思维上大学，结果往往是这样：选课只看哪门给分高，实验只选肯定能出结果的课题，论文只考虑怎么过查重、怎么好发表。表面上是在读书学习，骨子里还是流水线逻辑——用最小风险换取最高绩点，拒绝一切不确定性。
Approaching university studies with high school mindsets often leads to the following outcomes: selecting courses merely based on high expected grades, choosing only research projects guaranteed to yield clear experimental results, and writing papers solely with an eye to passing plagiarism checks and securing easy publication. Though seemingly engaged in academic work, one still adheres to assembly-line logic — pursuing the highest grades with minimal risk and rejecting all uncertainties.
教育部8月4日印发的《义务教育阶段科学教育“做中学”领航行动指南》说得很明白——要聚焦“真实问题”，开展跨学科项目式学习，突出综合性、实践性、开放性。让学生经历“提出问题和假设、设计方案、搜集分析证据、得出结论并解释、制作改进、交流反思”的完整链条，在“做中学”，杜绝纸上谈兵，变“被动接受”为“主动探索”。
The Guidelines for the "Learning by Doing" Pilot Initiative in Science Education at the Compulsory Education Stage, issued by the Ministry of Education on August 4, makes it clear that we should focus on "real-world problems", carry out interdisciplinary project-based learning, and emphasize comprehensiveness, practicality and openness. Students will go through a complete workflow: raising questions and hypotheses, designing plans, collecting and analyzing evidence, drawing and explaining conclusions, creating and refining deliverables, as well as exchanging ideas and reflecting. By "learning by doing", we put an end to learning divorced from practice and shift from "passive reception" to "active exploration".
虽然这份指南面向中小学，但它揭示的问题在大学期间会更加突出：一个被动了十二年的人，突然被要求自主学习，能不懵吗？
Although this guideline targets primary and secondary schools, the problems it addresses become more pronounced in university. Can a student who has spent twelve years learning passively avoid feeling lost when suddenly required to study independently?
但反过来，如果有人从小就没有被这条流水线驯服呢？
Conversely, what if someone has never been conditioned by this assembly-line education from an early age?
今年夏天，36岁的中国数学家王虹与同届北大校友邓煜共同获得数学界的最高荣誉——菲尔兹奖，刷屏网络。梳理王虹从小到大的求学经历，她的成长路径和“预制”毫无关系。她从小对数学的兴趣不是被补习班点燃的，而是源于好奇心。在北大读书期间，她做的是最“没用”的纯数学——调和分析。博士阶段转了几何测度论，后来又跨界到组合数学。每一次转向都是因为她遇到了“真正感兴趣的问题”。
This summer, 36-year-old Chinese mathematician Wang Hong and her fellow Peking University alumnus Deng Yu were jointly awarded the Fields Medal, the highest honor in mathematics, making headlines online. A review of Wang Hong’s academic journey shows her growth path bears no relation to this kind of educational "preparation". Her interest in mathematics from childhood stemmed not from cram schools, but from natural curiosity. During her studies at Peking University, she worked on the most "useless" pure mathematics — harmonic analysis. In her doctoral studies, she switched to geometric measure theory and later branched out into combinatorial mathematics. Each shift was driven by problems that truly captured her interest.
她在获奖致辞中说“不必急于寻求即时的结果，坚持热爱本身自有意义。”翻译过来就是：我不知道答案在哪，但我愿意花时间去寻找。
In her acceptance speech, she said, "Don't rush for immediate results, insist that love has its own meaning." Translated: I don't know where the answer is, but I am willing to take the time to find it.
这就是“反预制”的结果。不是按照既定路径，去寻找标准答案，而是跟着好奇心和问题走。
This is the result of "anti-prefabrication". Instead of following the established path, to find standard answers, follow curiosity and questions.
大学自己也在“反预制”
Universities themselves are "anti-prefabrication"
实际上，大学不只是希望新生转变思维，大学自身也在系统性地“去流水线化”。
In fact, universities not only want freshmen to change their thinking, but universities themselves are systematically "de-pipelining".
今年7月，深圳大学推出建校以来最大规模的本科教育改革：每学期最多3门跨专业选修课可按P/NP(通过/不通过)计分，四年累计12学分不计入GPA(绩点)，学生可以放心选几门“没用但感兴趣”的课。此外，学科竞赛、发明专利、创业实践统统可以折算学分。
In July this year, Shenzhen University launched its largest-ever undergraduate education reform since its founding. Up to three interdisciplinary elective courses each semester may be graded on a P/NP (Pass/No Pass) basis, with a total of 12 credits over four years excluded from GPA. This allows students to freely take several courses that are “useless” yet spark their interest. In addition, disciplinary competitions, invention patents and entrepreneurship practice can all be converted into academic credits.
深大的改革不是孤例。北京大学自2025级新生起，全校各类评优、推免、评奖工作不再使用绩点，课程成绩以百分制或无绩点换算的等级制记录；清华大学早在2015年就用12档等级制替代了传统的GPA；复旦大学则允许最多16个学分不计入绩点；浙江师范大学300多门课程全面试行P/NP评价。
Shenzhen University’s reform is not an isolated case. Starting with the 2025 intake of freshmen, Peking University no longer uses GPA for university-wide evaluations, postgraduate recommendation and scholarship selection. Course results will be recorded as percentage scores or non-GPA letter grades. Tsinghua University replaced the traditional GPA with a 12-tier grading system back in 2015. Fudan University permits up to 16 credits to be excluded from GPA, while Zhejiang Normal University has piloted the P/NP assessment for more than 300 courses.
这些改革目标一致：把学生从分数排名里解放出来，让他去试错、去跨学科、去探索自己真正感兴趣的东西。
These reforms share a common goal: to free students from the shackles of scores and rankings, enabling them to experiment, pursue interdisciplinary studies, and explore subjects that genuinely interest them.
“预制”的本质，是把教育变成一条标准件流水线——统一的课程、统一的标准答案、统一的评价尺度。而“反预制”，就是拆掉这条流水线，把选择权还给每个人。
The essence of “preparation” is to turn education into an assembly line of standardized products — uniform curricula, standard answers and identical evaluation criteria. “Anti-preparation”, by contrast, means dismantling this assembly line and returning the right of choice to every individual.
所以，拿到录取通知书之后，到底要不要继续学？
Therefore, after receiving the admission notice, should you keep learning?
要。但不是流水线上的那种“学”。
Yes, but not the kind of “learning” on the assembly line.
不是报个高数预科班，更不是把大一课本先过一遍。真正值得做的准备，恰恰是流水线上不教的事：找一本“没用”但感兴趣的好书读完，去想一个没有标准答案的问题，自己安排自己的一天——不被课表推着走的那种。
It does not mean signing up for an advanced mathematics prep course, nor skimming through freshman textbooks in advance. What truly merits preparation is precisely what the assembly-line education fails to teach: finish reading a good book that is “useless” but fascinating, ponder a question with no standard answer, and arrange your own daily schedule instead of being driven by class timetables.
从“被预制”到“自己长”，什么时候开始都不晚。但越早越好。
It is never too late to shift from being “pre-conditioned” to shaping your own growth, yet the earlier you start, the better.
本文为EOL教育在线原创文章
This article is an original article of EOL Education Online
作者：黄卓
Author: Huang Zhuo
转载请注明“转载自：EOL教育在线”
Please indicate "Reprinted from: EOL Education Online"
参考资料：
Reference:
《“预制娃”悄然刷屏！暑假可以“预制”，童年无法“回锅”》 扬子晚报
"Prefabricated baby" quietly brushes the screen! Summer vacation can be "prefabricated", childhood can't be "returned to the pot""Yangtze Evening News
《贩卖暑期教育焦虑的套路与话术曝光》 全国教育辟谣平台
"Routines and Discourse Exposure of Trafficking Summer Education Anxiety" National Education Rumor Refuting Platform
《义务教育阶段科学教育“做中学”领航行动指南》 教育部官网
"Guide for Pilot Action of" Learning by Doing "in Science Education in Compulsory Education Stage" official website of the Ministry of Education
《清华暑假书单！一起去书里觅清凉》 清华大学官微
"Tsinghua Summer Holiday Book List! Let's Go to Books to Find Coolness" Tsinghua University Official Micro
《北大推荐，暑假书单！》北京大学官微
"Peking University Recommendation, Summer Holiday Book List!" Peking University Guanwei
《特稿|王的猜想》广西日报
"Special Article | Wang's Conjecture" Guangxi Daily
清华大学、北京大学、上海交通大学、浙江大学、深圳大学等高校官方发布。
Official release from Tsinghua University, Peking University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, Shenzhen University and other universities.
