越来越尊重学生兴趣意愿 高校转专业政策进一步“松绑”
More and more respect for students' interests and willingness, the policy of changing majors in colleges and universities is further "loosened"
截至6月25日，全国31个省份已陆续公布了各自的高考录取分数线，众多高考考生即将进入志愿填报阶段。
As of June 25th, 31 provinces across the country have successively announced their respective college entrance examination admission scores, and many college entrance examination candidates are about to enter the stage of voluntary reporting.
前段时间，多所高校陆续发布招生政策后，不少家长和考生对并非今年新推的“转专业政策”的关注度持续攀升。
Some time ago, after many colleges and universities successively issued enrollment policies, many parents and candidates continued to pay more attention to the "major change policy" that was not newly launched this year.
中青报·中青网记者梳理发现，近年来，不少高校转专业政策相对宽松，比如，普遍实行“转出不设限”或“多次申请机会”政策，部分院校甚至允许跨学科转专业。今年，又有一些高校进一步“松绑”了转专业政策，比如，下调了转专业的年级：华南理工大学除艺术、体育和强基计划外，大一和大二学生均可多次无限制申请转专业；北京航空航天大学首次将转专业申请时间节点提前到大一结束，可以申请跨大类的转专业，此后每个学期都可以自由申请转专业。
The reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network combed and found that in recent years, many colleges and universities have relatively loose policies for transferring majors. For example, the policies of "no restrictions on transferring out" or "multiple application opportunities" are generally implemented, and some colleges and universities even allow interdisciplinary transfers of majors. This year, some colleges and universities have further "loosened" the policy of changing majors. For example, they have lowered the grade of changing majors: in addition to the art, sports and strong foundation program of South China University of Technology, freshmen and sophomores can apply for changing majors many times without restrictions; For the first time, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics has advanced the application time node for major transfer to the end of freshman year. You can apply for major transfer across major categories. After that, you can freely apply for major transfer every semester.
据北京航空航天大学招生办公室主任刘睿解释，北航今年对转专业时间节点的调整，是希望学生能够更早地作出专业选择，让那些在大一结束时就有明确转专业意愿的学生减少在原专业多学一个学期课程耗费的时间。
According to Liu Rui, director of the Admissions Office of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beihang's adjustment of the time node for changing majors this year is to hope that students can make major choices earlier, so that those students who have a clear intention to change majors at the end of their freshman year can reduce the time spent studying one more semester in their original majors.
武汉大学本科生院教务处副处长李晓锋说，放宽转专业政策主要是为了“尊重学生兴趣意愿，把专业选择权交给学生，鼓励学生个性化发展，激发学生学习主动性和创造性”。
Li Xiaofeng, deputy director of the Academic Affairs Office of Wuhan University Undergraduate College, said that the relaxation of the policy of changing majors is mainly to "respect students' interests and wishes, give students the right to choose majors, encourage students' individualized development, and stimulate students' learning initiative and creativity".
“松绑”的是什么
What is "untied"
中青报·中青网记者梳理了多所高校的转专业政策。不少高校专门提出“转出零门槛”，对转出专业不设限制，仅需通过转入学院考核。
The reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network combed the policy of changing majors in many colleges and universities. Many colleges and universities specifically put forward the "zero threshold for transferring out", and there is no restriction on transferring out majors, but only need to pass the examination of transferring to colleges.
比如，在符合教育部相关规定的前提下，北京大学自2017年起取消了学生所在院系的转出审核程序，要求各院系不得限制学生的转出，并且，学生还可以在本院系内自由调整专业和方向。北京邮电大学实行“转出不设限，转入有考核”，今年继续实施“转专业申请零门槛”政策。上海交通大学2024年宣布，不限制学分排名和挂科门数，医学院与本部之间各专业可以互转，且“各学院转出名额不设限制”。武汉大学也是自2024级起，允许跨学院自由转专业，不设转出限制条件。
For example, on the premise of complying with the relevant regulations of the Ministry of Education, Peking University has cancelled the transfer-out examination procedure of students' departments since 2017, requiring all departments not to restrict students' transfer-out, and students can freely adjust their majors and directions within their departments. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications implements the policy of "no limit for transfer out, and assessment for transfer in". This year, it will continue to implement the policy of "zero threshold for applying for transfer major". Shanghai Jiao Tong University announced in 2024 that there will be no restrictions on the ranking of credits and the number of failed subjects. The majors between the medical school and the headquarters can be transferred to each other, and "there is no restriction on the number of places transferred from each college." Wuhan University also allows free transfer of majors across colleges starting from grade 2024, and there are no restrictions on transfer out.
除了申请门槛与范围限制，学生转专业的时间窗口也是多所高校相关政策中的重点。
In addition to the application threshold and scope restrictions, the time window for students to change majors is also the focus of relevant policies of many universities.
比如，在上海交通大学，大一至大三学生均可申请转专业；山东大学转专业政策规定，允许一、二年级本科生申请，通过双向选择和学院考核实现专业调整 ；中国农业大学转专业工作每学期开展一次，学生报名时允许填报1个志愿学院，最多可选择该学院的两个专业；武汉大学的规定是，从2024级起，学生大类分流至具体专业时间延长至大三下学期；北京邮电大学除中外合作办学和艺术类专业外的所有专业，允许学生在大一上学期结束和大一下学期结束时各提交一次转专业申请。
For example, in Shanghai Jiaotong University, freshmen to juniors can apply to change majors; Shandong University's major transfer policy stipulates that first-year and second-year undergraduates are allowed to apply, and major adjustment can be realized through two-way selection and college assessment; China Agricultural University's major transfer work is carried out once a semester. Students are allowed to fill in one volunteer college when registering, and they can choose up to two majors of this college; The regulations of Wuhan University are that from Grade 2024, the time for students to be diverted to specific majors will be extended to the second semester of junior year; For all majors in Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, except Sino-foreign cooperative education and art majors, students are allowed to submit an application for major change at the end of the first semester of freshman year and the end of the first semester of freshman year.
“我们学校有40%到50%的学生有过转专业经历。”中国科学院大学副校长郑阳恒提到，这是为了“给学生试错的机会”。这种试错自由依托于该校“三段式”培养机制——学生可在本科大二、大三阶段两次自主更换专业。
"40% to 50% of our students have changed majors." Zheng Yangheng, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences University, mentioned that this is to "give students the opportunity to trial and error". This freedom of trial and error relies on the school's "three-stage" training mechanism-students can change majors independently twice in their sophomore and junior years.
转专业时间窗口的调整，使得不少高校学生“试错的机会”更多了。比如，同济大学在可申请次数上格外突出，给学生提供7次转专业机会，包括中外合作办学转出、文转理工和医科转入。
The adjustment of the major time window has made many college students have more opportunities for trial and error. For example, Tongji University is particularly outstanding in the number of applications available, providing students with seven opportunities to change majors, including the transfer of Sino-foreign cooperative schools, the transfer of literature to science and technology, and the transfer of medical science.
北京理工大学招生办常务副主任王浩宇说，北京理工大学的学生“大一期末就可转，学生有6次转专业机会”，“转出无限制，转入有考核，遵循学生兴趣方向”。
Wang Haoyu, executive deputy director of the Admissions Office of Beijing Institute of Technology, said that students of Beijing Institute of Technology "can transfer at the end of freshman year, and students have six opportunities to change majors". "There is no limit on transferring out, and there is an assessment for transferring in, following the direction of students' interests".
高校给“转专业”加了什么料
What materials have colleges and universities added to "changing majors"
在中国教育科学研究院研究员储朝晖看来，转专业是学生学习选择权的组成部分。他提到，除了选择权，还要考虑提高教育教学质量，“让教学更有针对性，实现因材施教”。
According to Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Educational Sciences, changing majors is an integral part of students' right to choose learning. He mentioned that in addition to the right to choose, we should also consider improving the quality of education and teaching, "making teaching more targeted and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude".
不少高校根据各自的特色，也给自己的转专业政策“加了料”。
According to their own characteristics, many colleges and universities have also "added materials" to their own policy of changing majors.
目前，武汉大学转专业政策的突出特点是“转学院”机制。
At present, the prominent feature of Wuhan University's major transfer policy is the mechanism of "college transfer".
李晓锋告诉中青报·中青网记者，一方面，武大各学院不得限制符合转学条件学生的转出申请，同一学院内实行大类培养和专业灵活调整机制；另一方面，武大同一学部内转学院在培养规模允许条件下，接收学院尽可能满足学生需求。跨学部转学院采取保护性限制，避免学生因学科差异过大影响学业进度。
Li Xiaofeng told the reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network that, on the one hand, all colleges of Wuhan University are not allowed to restrict the transfer applications of students who meet the transfer conditions, and a large-scale training and professional flexible adjustment mechanism is implemented in the same college; On the other hand, the transfer college of the same department of Wuhan University should meet the needs of students as much as possible under the condition that the training scale permits. Transferring across departments to colleges adopts protective restrictions to prevent students from affecting their academic progress due to excessive differences in disciplines.
“2025年学校实施转学院政策后，跨学院转专业成功率超过70%，比去年提高了10多个百分点。”李晓锋说。
"After the school implemented the policy of transferring to colleges in 2025, the success rate of cross-college major transfer exceeded 70%, an increase of more than 10 percentage points over last year." Li Xiaofeng said.
关于北京邮电大学转专业制度，北邮招生处副处长兼本科招办主任陈伟介绍，学院的考核不是统一尺度，而是基于专业特色和人才培养模式。“北邮所有专业都有人工智能的通识教育全覆盖，在培养过程中引入通信、计算机、电子信息等未来发展相关的内容。”这种改革使学生“进来以后发现专业更优化升级，对这个专业还是挺感兴趣的”，从而降低转出率。
Regarding the professional transfer system of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chen Wei, deputy director of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Admissions Office and director of undergraduate admissions office, introduced that the assessment of the college is not a unified standard, but based on professional characteristics and talent training mode. "All majors in Beijing Post University have full coverage of general education of artificial intelligence, and contents related to future development such as communication, computer and electronic information are introduced in the training process." This kind of reform makes students "find that their major is more optimized and upgraded after coming in, and they are quite interested in this major", thus reducing the transfer rate.
南京大学相关负责人告诉中青报·中青网记者，目前，南大除通过“综评学科兴趣类、强基、提前批、中外合作办学”等录进来不允许转专业的学生外，本科新生入校后，即可参加14个学科拔尖计划2.0的二次选拔。此外，南大90多个专业全面开放，所有专业的学生都可以辅修，学生达到规定条件，毕业时不仅获得主修专业的学士学位，还可同时获得辅修学士学位。
The relevant person in charge of Nanjing University told the reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network that at present, except for the students who are not allowed to change majors through "comprehensive evaluation of discipline interests, strengthening foundation, advance approval, and Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools", undergraduate freshmen can participate in the second selection of top-notch program 2.0 of 14 disciplines after entering the school. In addition, more than 90 majors in NTU are fully open, and students of all majors can take minors. Students who meet the prescribed conditions will not only get a bachelor's degree in major, but also get a bachelor's degree in minor when they graduate.
建立学科发展、人才培养和资源流动匹配机制
Establish the matching mechanism of discipline development, talent training and resource flow
2005年，教育部发布的《普通高等学校学生管理规定》中首次明确，学生可以按学校的规定申请转专业，学生转专业由所在学校批准。2018年，《教育部关于加快建设高水平本科教育全面提高人才培养能力的意见》提出，扩大学生学习自主权、选择权，鼓励学生跨学科、跨专业学习，允许学生自主选择专业和课程。
In 2005, the Regulations on the Administration of Students in Colleges and Universities issued by the Ministry of Education made it clear for the first time that students can apply for changing majors according to the regulations of the school, and students' changing majors should be approved by their school. In 2018, the Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Accelerating the Construction of High-level Undergraduate Education and Comprehensively Improving Talent Cultivation Ability proposed to expand students' learning autonomy and right to choose, encourage students to learn interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and allow students to choose majors and courses independently.
在储朝晖看来，高校转专业政策的变化，顺应了形势变化的需要，体现了高等教育从计划分配向个性化培养的转型。
In Chu Zhaohui's view, the change of the policy of changing majors in colleges and universities conforms to the needs of the changing situation and reflects the transformation of higher education from planned distribution to personalized training.
“学生的转专业需求，将促使高校主动对接国家战略和产业发展，积极优化调整学科专业结构，提高人才培养的针对性和有效性。大类培养符合未来社会对跨学科复合型人才的需要，通过大类培养能够为学生打牢宽口径知识基础，拓宽学生学科视野，为未来长期发展奠定基础。大类培养再结合专业分流，也将降低学生专业选择的盲目性。”李晓锋说。
"Students' demand for changing majors will prompt colleges and universities to actively connect with national strategies and industrial development, actively optimize and adjust the structure of disciplines and specialties, and improve the pertinence and effectiveness of talent training. Category training meets the needs of interdisciplinary compound talents in the future society. Through category training, it can lay a solid knowledge foundation for students, broaden their disciplinary horizons and lay a foundation for long-term development in the future. The combination of major training and professional diversion will also reduce the blindness of students' major choice. " Li Xiaofeng said.
制度设计蕴含双重考量。李晓锋也提到，放宽转专业政策的确“会给学校管理带来挑战”。一些热门专业可能学生需求过多，会导致教学资源不足，进而影响教学秩序和教学质量。
The system design contains double considerations. Li Xiaofeng also mentioned that relaxing the policy of changing majors will indeed "bring challenges to school management". Some popular majors may have too much demand from students, which will lead to insufficient teaching resources, thus affecting the teaching order and quality.
以中国科学院大学为例，一方面，人工智能、计算机科学与技术等专业转入学生人数增加；另一方面，人文地理与城乡规划、环境科学、天文学等专业人数却在减少。
Take the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences as an example. On the one hand, the number of students transferred to majors such as artificial intelligence, computer science and technology has increased; On the other hand, the number of majors in human geography, urban and rural planning, environmental science, astronomy, etc. is decreasing.
中国科学院大学招生相关负责人不担心这个问题。这名负责人在直播宣讲中表示：学校背靠113所科研院所和丰厚的导师资源，能为相对“冷门”专业的学生提供保障；更重要的是，“学校自由专业政策和本科‘三段式’贯通培养模式，从纵向和横向两个方面真正确保学生能学到自己感兴趣、想学的专业”。
The person in charge of university enrollment of Chinese Academy of Sciences is not worried about this problem. The person in charge said in the live broadcast: The school is backed by 113 research institutes and rich tutor resources, which can provide protection for students of relatively "unpopular" majors; More importantly, "the school's free professional policy and the undergraduate 'three-stage' through-training mode really ensure that students can learn the majors they are interested in and want to learn from both vertical and horizontal aspects".
“保专业的政策其实北邮以前就有。”陈伟说，北邮通过招生录取专业保障政策，减少学生将来的转专业需求，“因为招生时就已经让学生去到了自己喜欢的专业”。他同时提醒，希望学生能够科学地分析自己，“不要盲目跟风转到某个专业”。
"The policy of protecting majors actually existed before Beiyou." Chen Wei said that Beiyou University has reduced students' demand for changing majors in the future through the enrollment professional guarantee policy, "because students have already been allowed to go to their favorite majors when enrolling students". At the same time, he reminded that he hoped students could analyze themselves scientifically and "don't blindly follow the trend and switch to a certain major".
