To employers, AI skills aren’t just for tech majors anymore

对于雇主来说，人工智能技能不再只是科技专业学生的专利

By the time Christian Vivas enrolled in a new artificial intelligence program at Miami Dade College, he had already experimented with using ChatGPT to help him write emails to clients of the creative media studio he owns.

当克里斯蒂安·维瓦斯（Christian Vivas）在迈阿密达德学院（Miami Dade College）报读新设的人工智能项目课程时，他已经尝试使用ChatGPT来帮助他向他拥有的创意媒体工作室的客户写电子邮件。

Vivas said most of his classmates were like him — adults well into their careers looking to learn how to use AI, or use it better. Thanks to his classes, Vivas, who is 37 and has a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, has gone way beyond using ChatGPT. He now employs AI in nearly every aspect of his work: generating images, videos, marketing plans, social media captions. “It’s integrated very deeply into our business now,” Vivas said.

维瓦斯说，他的大多数同学都像他一样——这些职场资深人士希望学习如何使用人工智能，或者更好地使用人工智能。多亏了他的课程，现今37岁、拥有电气工程学士学位的维瓦斯已经远远超出了单纯使用ChatGPT的阶段。如今，AI技术已渗透到他工作的几乎每个环节：从图像视频生成、营销方案设计到社交媒体文案创作。"人工智能现已深度融入我们的业务体系。"维瓦斯强调道。

Generative AI technology is rapidly changing the labor market. Employers are increasingly posting job listings that include AI skills for positions even outside of the technology sector, such as in health care, hospitality and media.

生成式人工智能技术正在迅速改变劳动力市场。雇主们越来越多地发布包含人工智能技能的职位列表，甚至是技术行业之外的职位，例如在医疗保健、酒店和媒体等行业。

To keep up, students are increasingly looking for ways to boost their AI skills and make themselves more marketable at a time when there’s growing fear that AI will replace humans in the workforce. And their concerns are justified: There’s evidence to suggest artificial intelligence may have already replaced some jobs. Entry-level positions are particularly at risk of being replaced by AI, a report from Oxford Economics shows, and the unemployment rate for recent college graduates jumped to nearly 6 percent in March, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

为了跟上步伐，学生们越来越多地寻找提高人工智能技能并增强他们的就业竞争力——当前社会普遍担忧人工智能将大规模取代人类工作岗位。他们的担忧并非空穴来风：有证据表明人工智能可能已经取代了一些工作。牛津经济研究院报告显示，初级职位尤其面临被人工智能替代的风险，根据纽约联邦储备银行的数据，3月份应届大学毕业生的失业率跃升至近6%。

A global survey of more than 1,000 large businesses showed 41 percent expect to reduce their workforces within five years because of AI. But most companies — 77 percent — also plan to train their employees to “better work alongside AI,” according to the World Economic Forum’s January Future of Jobs report. Last year, the number of online job postings that included generative AI as a desired skill grew 323 percent, from fewer than 16,000 to more than 66,000, according to a report from the labor analytics company Lightcast.

一项针对1000多家大型企业的全球调查显示，41%的企业预计将在五年内因人工智能而裁员。但根据世界经济论坛1月份的未来就业报告，大多数公司（77%）也计划培训员工“更好地与人工智能一起工作”。根据劳动力分析公司Lightcast的一份报告，去年，将生成式人工智能作为理想技能的在线职位发布数量增长了323%，从不到16,000个增加到66,000多个。

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Colleges are also motivated by these trends: They’re adding AI to their course catalogs, and individual professors are altering lessons to include AI skill building.

大学在顺应这一趋势：各校将人工智能纳入他们的课程目录中，一线教授们更在主动调整教案，将AI技能培养融入教学环节。

Miami Dade College, for example, debuted its artificial intelligence certificate program in 2023, just over a month after ChatGPT was unveiled. The program offers classes in machine learning, ethics and natural language programming, among other courses. Since rolling out the certificate program, the school has added associate and bachelor’s degree programs in applied AI.

以迈阿密达德学院为例，该校在ChatGPT问世仅一个月后的2023年，便率先推出人工智能认证课程项目。该课程体系涵盖机器学习、伦理规范及自然语言编程等核心模块。在认证课程基础上，学院进一步增设应用人工智能方向的副学士与学士学位项目。

“We started developing this idea around the application of AI — how you can apply AI, how can you learn AI at a community college — where it is open to everyone, not just to a few who can get a master’s or Ph.D.,” said Antonio Delgado, vice president of innovation and technology partnerships at Miami Dade College.

迈阿密达德学院创新与技术合作副校长安东尼奥·德尔加多表示：“我们开始围绕人工智能的应用发展这个想法——你如何应用人工智能，你如何在社区大学学习人工智能——在那里它对所有人开放，而不仅仅是少数能攻读硕士或博士学位的人群。

In 2022, the college also created Miami Tech Works, an organization that helps tech companies find skilled workers. Recently, more businesses outside of tech have reached out to hire people who know how to use AI.

2022年，该学院还创建了"迈阿密科技人才计划"（Miami Tech Works），这是一个帮助科技公司寻找技术型工人的组织。最近，越来越多非科技类企业开始招募具备AI应用能力的人才。

“We didn’t know there would be so many employers talking about AI and talking about implementing AI,” said Terri-Ann Brown, director of Miami Tech Works.

"迈阿密科技人才计划"（Miami Tech Works）主任特丽-安·布朗（Terri-Ann Brown）主管坦言：“我们最初并未预料到会有这么多雇主们在谈论人工智能并谈论实施人工智能。”

Brown said the owner of a high-end hotel in South Florida told her that a year ago, the hotel’s executives were worried about AI taking their jobs. Now, each department at the hotel has been charged with researching AI tools and reporting ways they can use them. For example, one department created an online chatbot to recommend restaurants to hotel guests.

布朗透漏，南佛罗里达一家高端酒店的老板曾告诉她，一年前，酒店的高管们还担心AI抢走他们的工作。现在，酒店的每个部门都负责开展AI工具调研并汇报应用方案。例如，一个部门开发了一个在线聊天机器人，向酒店客人推荐餐厅。

Miami Dade College’s programs have attracted students like Vicky Cheung, who decided to enroll in the college’s artificial intelligence awareness certificate program in 2024, after she was let go from the Miami hospital where she had worked for more than two decades.

迈阿密戴德学院的AI课程吸引了像张薇琪(Vicky Cheung)这样的学生，她在被供职逾二十年的迈阿密当地医院解雇后，于2024年毅然报读了该校的“人工智能认知认证课程”。

Cheung, who already had a bachelor’s in business and a master’s in health management, was looking into courses that would give her skills she could add to her resume.

张薇琪已经获得了商学学士学位和健康管理硕士学位，她当时正寻求能为其简历增值的技能培训课程。

She believes her AI courses, coupled with her years of work experience, helped her land her new job analyzing how to improve processes and workflow at a different hospital. Enrolling in the program showed employers “that I’m trying to find a way to improve my skill sets,” she said.

她相信，她的人工智能课程，加上她多年的工作经验，助力她找到了新工作——负责为另一家医院优化流程与工作体系分析。张薇琪强调，参加该培训项目向雇主清晰传递了“我正积极提升技能组合”的职业态度

Related: University students offload critical thinking, other hard work to AI

【延伸观察】大学生群体正将批判性思维和高阶任务转移给AI

Schools across the country have announced programs similar to the one at Miami Dade College: courses in artificial intelligence in business settings and minors in AI marketed to students who are not computer science majors. But higher education institutions are not inherently nimble — and the technology is evolving quickly.

全国各地的学校都宣布了类似于迈阿密戴德学院的项目：面向非计算机专业学生的"商业场景人工智能应用"课程，以及人工智能辅修学位计划。但是高等教育机构并不是天生灵活的——而且技术发展很快。

Because generative AI is changing so rapidly, there’s no one curriculum or credential schools are using, or can look to, as a guidepost. What these lessons look like and the rules about how students should use AI vary by institution, or even classroom to classroom.

由于生成式AI技术迭代速度惊人，目前教育界尚未形成统一的课程标准或认证体系可供参考。各院校——甚至具体到不同课堂——对AI课程的内容设置与学生使用规范都存在显著差异。

“Institutions are really built to move slowly — there are committees, policies, there’s accreditation. It’s almost in their DNA to not move fast,” said Josh Jones, CEO of QuantHub, a company that works with schools including the University of Alabama and Emory University to add artificial intelligence lessons. “The problem we have is that AI is changing industries so fast that the textbooks, the curriculum — by the time you get it approved, it’s relevant, but it’s outdated.”

"高等教育机构本质上就是慢速运转的体系——委员会决策、政策流程、认证程序，这些迟缓特质几乎刻入了它们的组织基因，"与阿拉巴马大学、埃默里大学等高校合作开发AI课程的QuantHub公司CEO乔希·琼斯指出，"但现实矛盾在于，AI正以行业难以企及的速度变革，等到教材和课程走完审批流程，虽然内容尚未过时，但技术前沿早已迭代升级。"

There are ethical implications for using generative AI as well — from students using the technology to cheat on assignments to the demand that data centers are putting on the nation’s water supply. Some studies indicate college students who use AI on assignments are less engaged with their lessons and use it to offload critical thinking.

生成式AI的应用还伴随着多重伦理挑战——从学生利用技术完成作业舞弊，到数据中心对全国水资源供给造成的压力。多项研究表明，使用AI完成课业的大学生课堂参与度明显下降，甚至出现将批判性思维任务系统性外包的现象。

Higher education institutions across the country have issued nearly identical statements acknowledging the risks, but also the need, for students to learn how to use artificial intelligence to prepare for the working world.

全国各地的高等教育机构都发布了几乎相同的声明，在警示AI风险的同时，均强调培养学生人工智能应用能力已成为对接未来职场的必然选择。

The challenge for colleges will be getting that balance right, producing graduates who know how to use artificial intelligence but are not wholly reliant on it.

高校面临的核心挑战在于把握精准平衡，培养出知道如何使用人工智能但不完全依赖人工智能的毕业生。

James Taylor, a philosophy professor at The College of New Jersey, changed his classroom setup about a year and a half ago to prevent students from using AI on his assignments. Now, when the class has to write an essay, they do it by hand while in the room. When students take a test, they do it with paper and pencil via blue books.

新泽西学院哲学教授詹姆斯·泰勒（James Taylor）大约一年半前重构了课堂教学模式，以杜绝学生借助AI完成作业。如今，在他的课堂上，论文写作需当堂手写完成，考试则回归传统的蓝皮试卷纸笔作答。

Related: What aspects of teaching should remain human?

【延伸阅读】：教学的哪些方面应该保持人性化？

Taylor doesn’t have a problem with students using AI in other classrooms and believes students should learn how to use AI tools, to some degree. He doesn’t want students using it to get around having to think critically, however, a skill they will need even if they use AI in their future jobs.

泰勒对学生在其他教室使用人工智能没有争议，并认为学生应该在某种程度上学习如何使用人工智能工具。然而，他不希望使用人工智能的学生不得不进行批判性思考，即使他们在未来的工作中使用人工智能，他们也需要这项技能。

“What we’re trying to do is teach students how to think, how to identify arguments, analyze arguments, put together their own arguments,” Taylor said. “When they just use AI to do this, they don’t gain any of the critical thinking skills that they need.”

“我们试图做的是教会学生如何思考，如何识别论点，分析论点，整理他们自己的论点，”泰勒说。“当他们只是使用人工智能来做到这一点时，他们不会获得任何他们需要的批判性思维技能。”

For Derrick Anderson, who teaches public affairs at Arizona State University and is senior vice president at the American Council on Education, it’s simple: If AI is a tool students will use at jobs, they should learn how to use it in his classroom.

对于在亚利桑那州立大学教授公共事务、美国教育委员会高级副主席德里克·安德森来说，事情很简单明了：如果人工智能是学生在工作中使用的工具，他们应该学习如何在他的课堂上使用它。

“Because I’m preparing them for the job market, they need to know how to use generative AI ethically, but efficiently and effectively,” Anderson said.

安德森说：“因为我正在让他们为就业市场做好准备，所以他们需要知道如何合乎道德地、高效地使用生成式人工智能。”

Now, instead of having students write an essay at the end of one of his public affairs courses, Anderson has them produce a video with the help of ChatGPT. One student in Anderson’s class created a video about new technology that mimics the human brain. In the video, the student narrates as an AI-generated image of a model brain spins on the screen. When he starts talking about the electrical output of supercomputers, the video cuts to wind turbines spinning atop AI-generated grassy hills.

如今，安德森教授彻底改革了他的公共事务课程考核方式——学生不再撰写期末论文，而是借助ChatGPT制作视频。在他的课堂上，一位学生创作了关于类脑新科技的解说视频：当AI生成的脑模型在屏幕旋转时，学生同步进行画外音解说；当讲解超级计算机的电力消耗时，画面即刻切换为AI生成的风力发电机在虚拟山坡运转的场景。

Previously, one of Anderson’s class assignments required students to write a memo; now, they have to write four different kinds of memos using ChatGPT and describe scenarios where they would be appropriate.

此前，安德森教授的课程作业仅要求学生撰写一份备忘录；如今，学员需运用ChatGPT制作四种不同类型的备忘录，并逐一说明其适用场景

“It’s a fundamentally different exercise that involves a much larger volume of content because content is so much easier to create,” Anderson said.

"这完全是另一种维度的训练——由于内容生成变得极其便捷，学生需要处理的信息量呈指数级增长，"安德森教授指出。

The students in his classes have used their AI videos and projects in their portfolios when looking for jobs to show they have experience with these programs, even if they lack a specific degree or credential.

安德森教授的学生们已将AI视频及项目作品纳入求职作品集，以此证明自身具备相关技术实践经验——即便缺乏特定学历或专业认证。

Related: AI might disrupt math and computer science classes — in a good way

【延伸阅读】：人工智能可能会以一种好的方式扰乱数学和计算机科学课程

Employers are looking for those kinds of demonstrable examples of AI skills from graduates, said Ken Finneran, vice president of human resources at the digital health care company eMed, since there is no industry-recognized credential for the AI skills needed in a certain profession. Instead, hundreds of varying credentials are offered by companies, including Google and IBM.

数字医疗企业eMed人力资源副总裁肯·芬纳兰表示，由于特定职业所需的AI技能尚未形成行业公认认证体系，雇主们转而寻求毕业生提供此类可验证的AI能力实践案例。目前，包括谷歌和IBM在内的企业已推出数百种差异化认证，形成多元化的技能评估生态。

Every department at eMed, from marketing to human resources to finance, uses generative artificial intelligence tools in some way, said Finneran, and the company expects all prospective employees to have some foundational knowledge of AI.

Finneran表示，eMed的每个部门，从营销到人力资源再到财务，都以某种方式使用生成式人工智能工具，该公司希望所有未来的员工都具备一些人工智能的基础知识。

The company’s departments are about 20 to 30 percent more productive after using AI tools to complete tasks, Finneran said. And he believes doctors who use AI are better at diagnosing patients than either the doctor or an artificial intelligence program alone.

Finneran表示，在使用人工智能工具完成任务后，该公司各部门的工作效率提高了约20%至30%。他认为，使用人工智能的医生比单独的医生或人工智能程序更擅长诊断患者。

“Those who are hesitant or even blockers around AI will not be the leaders, even if they have a tradition of being an industry leader, within the next two years,” Finneran said. “They will be overtaken by those who are effectively leveraging AI.”

Finneran表示：“那些对人工智能犹豫不决甚至阻挠的人，即使他们有行业领导者的传统，在未来两年内也不会成为领导者。”“他们将被那些有效利用人工智能的人超越。”

Vivas, the creative media studio owner, said some of the freelancers he works with have approached him with concerns about generative artificial intelligence: photography models worried about being replaced by AI generated images and contract marketers concerned it will make them irrelevant if people start using ChatGPT to spit out their own marketing plans.

创意媒体工作室老板维瓦斯表示，与他合作的一些自由职业者向他提出了对生成式人工智能的担忧：摄影模特担心被人工智能生成的图像取代，合同营销人员担心，如果人们开始使用人工智能，他们将变得无关紧要。ChatGPT吐出自己的营销计划。

Vivas said he doesn’t plan to use AI to fully replace humans, and he doesn’t believe other employers will either. But he does think workers who ignore the technology do so at their own peril.

维瓦斯表示，他不打算用人工智能完全取代人类，他也不相信其他雇主会这样做。但他确实认为忽视这项技术的工人会自担风险。

“It’s not that AI is going to replace them,” he said, “but the person that is using AI is going to replace them.”

“这并不是说人工智能会取代它们，”他说，“而是使用人工智能的人会取代它们。”

Contact reporter Ariel Gilreath on Signal at arielgilreath.46 or at gilreath@hechingerreport.org.

请通过Signal联系记者Ariel Gilreath：arielgilreath.46或gilreath@hechingerreport.org。

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这篇关于人工智能课程的报道由Hechinger Report制作，这是一家专注于教育不平等和创新的非营利性独立新闻机构。注册Hechinger时事通讯。