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岭南师范学院—学生翻译实践
以下内容为岭南师范学院学生最近一个月内的翻译实践成果
The virtues of joining one of the youngest universities in the world

The oldest universities in the world have been around for centuries; their halls wandered by thousands, each in pursuit of their academic dreams. It’s not too different of a feeling, though, when you’re in one of the youngest universities instead. Places like Nanyang Technological University (since 1981) and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (since 1991) have made it into the top 50 of the QS World University Rankings 2025 — proof of their determination and resolution to deliver quality education. It’s part of the reasons why Lilijana Abrell chose to study at Tetr College of Business, a school established in 2024. Tetr is a global educational institution offering undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in Management and Technology, Artificial Intelligence, and Liberal Arts. Abrell is enrolled in the Bachelor’s in Management and Technology. In this programme, and the others available at the school, studying abroad is taken to a whole new level. In four years, students get to live and learn in seven different countries — Dubai, India, Singapore, Ghana, the US, Argentina, and France. “I’m in my second semester, and we’re in India right now,” Abrell shares. “For my first semester, we were in Dubai. It’s exciting, and I’m living my dream.” Born and raised in Germany, all Abrell wanted to do was travel. While she had the opportunity to do so with her high school orchestra, it wasn’t enough; she wanted to go beyond the European borders. “I have a passion for travelling. I love experiencing new places and meeting new people. After graduating from high school, that was all I wanted to do,” she says. And Tetr is giving her just that. Better yet, Abrell was learning how to build businesses in each country she’d been to. In Dubai, she co-founded Visioglass, a business selling smart glasses, selling over 40 to 50 glasses daily. Today, in India, she co-founded a (K)notcultured, a premium streetwear brand, alongside five other students. We caught up with Abrell to talk about her experience at Tetr College of Business and what it’s like being part of the institute’s first-ever batch of students. Why did you choose Tetr College of Business, one of the youngest universities in the world? How has your experience been? My parents and I weren’t exactly happy with the traditional education system during high school because of its theoretical nature. While it was beneficial, I could never apply what I learnt. I decided to take Tetr’s practical route. Unlike traditional universities, you’ll get to build businesses beyond the classroom, and there are no actual exams — meaning no finals weeks. Another bonus is that I get to try something new in seven different countries. I get to live my dreams by travelling the world. My experience so far has been tremendous and positive. However, because this is a new programme, there’s still a lot to figure out, and we’re constantly seeking feedback from the faculty. I’ve learnt a lot about running a business, both in and out of the classroom. I have also been exposed to teamwork in different environmental and cultural settings, which I think is unique. Our programme includes over 45 nationalities, and it’s crazy that I get to see how businesses are run from 45 different cultural viewpoints. Again, because it’s a new programme, some things might not work out as planned, but it’s working great so far. What inspired you to study Business Management and Technology? It’s a funny story because the decision to pursue a BS in Business Management and Technology was spontaneous. I’m from an art background. I used to be in pre-professional music education back in high school. I played in orchestras and travelled the world to perform. When I graduated last year, my parents wanted me to study, but I wanted to travel. I then saw an ad for Tetr on Instagram and realised that this was the best of both worlds for my parents and me. However, the only programmes they had were business programmes, so that’s what I went with. I applied and got accepted. Although I had no business experience, I did come up with a couple of business ideas involving green architecture when I was 14. The programme is related to sustainability and urban planning, which interests me, so I decided to pursue it. Aren’t you worried about attending a newer school instead of one that’s been around longer? Sure, I mean, that’s always a concern because I’m still just 18 years old. I told myself, “Okay, let’s do this degree programme and see how it goes after a year.” I might even realise that this is not what I’m looking for. Even if it is not for me, I can still say that I gained a lot of experience, and I got to meet and network with people worldwide is incredible. However, there’s one thing that lessens the fear of attending one of the youngest universities in the world. At the end of the four-year programme, I will receive a degree from Middlesex University in the UK. Since Tetr is newly established, it collaborates with Middlesex. Even in India, where Tetr was founded, not everyone knows it. While that may disadvantage others, I think it’s a good thing. The beauty of it is that we can define what Tetr stands for. I value experiences rather than sitting behind a desk. We also have faculty members from top universities, such as Harvard, who give us a lot of positive feedback and even offer to write us letters of recommendation. It’s been a positive experience so far. How has Tetr shaped your worldview and career goals? Being part of Tetr has allowed me to tackle global challenges and gain firsthand experience working across borders. With global classmates to studying in seven countries, we must constantly collaborate across time zones and cultures, which is no easy task. In business, understanding global markets is essential, and the best way to do that is through direct, on-the-ground experience. That’s why the travel and cultural immersion that Tetr provides is so valuable — it equips us with the knowledge and adaptability needed to build successful businesses. What’s been the most surprising or rewarding part of launching businesses while still in school? I always try to see things positively, even when things don’t go as planned. For example, when we had to build a dropshipping business, it didn’t work out how we wanted it to. I still focused on the positives, however, like I learned about teamwork and collaboration. However, one thing that surprised me about dropshipping was how much easier it became to make money when we adjusted our product offerings and refined our strategy. Looking back, I think taking the step earlier — being more flexible and willing to take risks — would have made a big difference. The teamwork was another surprising thing for me. When team members argue constantly or have conflicting visions for the business, it becomes almost impossible to move forward. If there’s no alignment, you might as well not even start. I’ve seen how stubbornness, resistance to feedback, and personal conflicts can slow everything down. The real work isn’t just about executing tasks; it’s about communication, finding common ground, and maintaining productive conversations. That, by far, has been my biggest learning.

2025-05-31 林庆祖 国际教育 英-中
As low as US$2,000 a year: The best Russian universities for international students

Russia has plans to welcome 500,000 international students by 2030, and 2024’s results are working positive towards that achievement. Last year, the country welcomed a record-breaking 389,000 international students, with a noticeable increase in the number of students from Africa, Latin America, India, and the Middle East. The number of Indian students continues to grow as well, primarily studying medical specialities. But why are so many international students eager to head to Russia despite the country’s political turmoil? Why study in Russia? You may question the idea of studying in Russia, especially when the country has received negative publicity emanating from its invasion of Ukraine. The unprovoked and premeditated war has led to the deaths of thousands of people, and many have chosen to flee or seek refuge in other countries. But despite that, many are willing to put aside prejudice, and political views – and maybe even personal values? – for affordable, high-quality education in Russia. Visualise this – tuition fees in Russia range between US$1,570 and US$8,140 per year, and only a few study programmes cost more than USD$10,850. The cost of living is also low – most international students only have to spend US$325-US$650 a month. It’s an appealing offer, especially when promised affordable fees, scholarships for international students, and cheap accommodation for the best Russian universities across the country. And if you’re lucky, you can be one of 15,000 international students who receive an annual grant for free tuition, and even boardi. Other reasons include cheap internet services, expansive job opportunities, easy transportation, and good health services. Combined, this makes an attractive package. Just ask African students in Russia – in August 2024, the journal Higher Education in Russian published a survey titled “The driving factors for the rise of African student migration to Russia”. Participants, who were from Ghana, Nigeria and Sudan, cited that the high quality of education and life in Russia were the main reasons that drove African students to study at Russian universities. Another factor was that the entry processes were uncomplicated, and universities easily accepted recommendations for family and friends. If these prospects sound interesting to you, perhaps consider pursuing a degree at one of the best Russian universities. Seven best Russian universities for international students Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow Based in the capital of Russia, Lomonosov Moscow State University is widely considered to be one of the best Russian universities for international students. It is one of the oldest education institutes in the country, and also one of the best. It’s the highest-ranked public university in Russia, and #94 globally according to QS World University Ranking. The university is home to over 4,000 international students, offering a vast array of English programmes. Foreign students will also enjoy the facilities; the university is home to a science park, four museums, 15 research centres, a publishing house, and one of the largest libraries in the world. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow Bauman Moscow State Technical University is ranked #298 globally, and is the oldest and largest Russian technical university in the country. It’s also prestigious – alumni are known to be headhunted by national and international companies. The university is considered one of the best higher education institutions for engineering in Moscow. It’s part of several European Commission programmes and receives annual grants from countries such as Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and so on. You’ll find international students from all over the world pursuing undergraduate, bachelor’s and postgraduate programmes here. RUDN University, Moscow Also known as the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, RUDN University is ranked #316 globally. True to its name, it’s home to 28,000 students from over 155 countries worldwide, offering a broad range of affordable programmes. While it may rank lower than its prestigious partners, many consider it a fan-favourite for foreign students. An active member of the government’s initiative to provide free education to 15,000 foreign students, the university goes a step further by hosting the Open Olympiad, a competition aimed at identifying talented international students to offer them scholarships. Saint Petersburg State University St Petersburg University is one of the top public universities in the nation’s second largest city, and it has been a leading centre of education, science and culture since 1724. Its most notable alumni would be Vladimir Putin, the president of Russia himself. Ranked #365 globally, the university is home to over 5,300 international students from 121 countries. It offers over 1,200 courses taught in English and other foreign languages such as German, Chinese, Spanish, French and Italian; subject areas range from art and management to mathematics, physics and computer sciences disciplines. Kazan Federal University Kazan Federal University, located in Tatarstan republic in the east-central part of European Russia, is the second oldest university in the country, and offers a number of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes taught in English. Ranked #401 globally, the university is home to as many as 10,500 students from 101 countries worldwide. The university’s international outlook is also reflected in both research and exchange opportunities. KFU students and faculty members participate in bilateral research and exchange programmes with over 370 partners in 70 countries. HSE University, Moscow The National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University) is a major research and academic institution, which regularly appears in high-profile global rankings such as QS and Times Higher Education. The university ranks #410 on the QS World University Rankings, and is home to over 5000 international students. Students can choose from 94 bachelor’s and 182 master’s degree programmes, which provide full and partial scholarships and cover numerous fields of study. Master’s scholarships aimed towards international students include seven scholarships that provide 25% to 70% tuition waiver. Tomsk State University Ranked #431, Tomsk State University (TSU) is the largest classical university in Russia’s Asian region, and the acknowledged centre of science, education, and innovation. There are currently more than 3,000 students from 70 countries. TSU graduates and the university itself have significantly contributed to the progress in education, science, and culture in Russia and beyond. Research output is strong — the institute is affiliated with the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of the CIS, and even State Prize and Nobel Prize winners. Students can pursue various levels of education here, ranging from a bachelor’s degree, specialist degree, master’s degree, and PhD studies. Strong programme choices include engineering and medicine. Studying medicine? You should apply to the best Russian medical universities Medicine has consistently been one of the most popular fields of study for international students in Russia. Around 50 medical universities and colleges operate in Russia under the aegis of the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Public Health, and the degrees offered are internationally recognised by the WHO and UNESCO. As a bonus, the government subsidises tuition fees for international students by 80% to 90%, making medical education extremely affordable. Here are our top picks: Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University is the oldest leading medical university in Russia, and is considered to be the best Russian university for MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) programmes. Its history goes back to 1758, with many graduates going on to become leading physicians and scientists who contributed significantly to global progress in medicine. Think Nikolai Pirogov, who is considered to be the founder of field surgery, or Alexander Luria, the father of modern neuropsychology. The clinical campus is one of the biggest and best teaching hospitals in Europe. For only US$9,300 a year, you’ll have access to research-based training and worldwide research networks to help you become part of the next generation’s healthcare leaders. Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa Bashkir State Medical University is one of the best Russian medical universities for international students interested in medicine. Ranked among the top five medical universities in the country, this university located in the capital of Bashkortostan is fully government-funded, ensuring substantial funding to support its educational missions. Accredited by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, it offers over 1,000 clinical residences and PhD programmes, as well as 7,000 postgraduate professional trainings. BSMU has consistently upheld a reputation for providing exceptional medical education, especially for foreign students; 20% of its student body consists are from abroad. You’ll find English-taught programmes here ranging from US$3,000 to US$8,000 a year. Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk Ranked #442 globally, Novosibirsk National Research State University is known for its scientific research and cutting-edge technology. As many as 80% of NSU teachers are scientists from the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ensuring high-quality education. The university offers several medical programmes in English for international students from 57 countries, along with intensive Russian language courses. This combination ensures students can thrive both locally and internationally after graduating. You’ll also find international joint programmes hosted with partner universities in 26 countries. For such a comprehensive programme, you may be surprised at how much it costs. Fees are US$6,500 a year for six academic years, and students are not required to pay for their books or materials either. The only downside is you’ll be living in Siberia, where the temperature dropped to −62.1 °C in 2023, the lowest in two decades. Bonus – Lomonosov Moscow State University We know we mentioned Moscow State University earlier, but we just have to mention them again. After all, there are more than just a few reasons it’s known as one of the best Russian universities for international students; one of them is its training in broad branches of modern science and humanities. Here, you can explore topics such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology, internal medicine, surgery, and paediatrics – you’ll also have ample opportunities for hands-on experience in local hospitals and clinics. Fees start from US$7,000 a year. Disclaimer: This article was last updated on April 11th, 2025.

2025-05-31 林庆祖 国际教育 英-中
Variation Order in Construction: A Quick Guide

There’s a change order process to manage when there are requests for something new or altered in a construction project. A variation order is also instrumental in managing change. This is especially important in construction, where the project often undergoes many changes. What is a variation order? We’ll define the term and explain when to use one and who requests and approves it. Then we’ll break down the components of variation orders and illustrate how they work in a real-life situation by providing an illustrated example. What Is a Variation Order? A variation order is a formal document issued to modify the original contract terms, typically concerning the scope of work, materials, design or project timeline. Variations may arise due to design changes, unforeseen site conditions or client requests. The variation order outlines the changes, their impact on the project cost and schedule, and is agreed upon by both the contractor and client before implementation. It ensures clear communication and proper documentation of adjustments to prevent disputes. Project management software can help with managing variation orders. ProjectManager is award-winning project and portfolio management software with robust Gantt charts that visually represent the project timeline, tasks, dependencies and milestones, which can be used to assess the impact of variation order on the project schedule and resources. Project managers can quickly identify which dependent tasks may be delayed and estimate how the overall completion date will be impacted, including additional resources that may be required. Our Gantt chart links all four types of task dependencies, filters for the critical path and can set a baseline to monitor progress in real time and make sure the additional tasks are completed on schedule. Get started with ProjectManager today for free. When to Use a Variation Order A variation order should be used in a construction project when there’s a need to formally change the terms of the original contract. This includes any adjustments to the scope of work, design, materials, costs, timelines or other contractual obligations. Here are common scenarios when a variation order is necessary. Design or Scope Changes The client requests additional features or modifications to the original design. Errors, omissions or ambiguities in the design are discovered that require clarification or adjustments. The contractor suggests improvements that could enhance quality, reduce costs or improve efficiency. Site Conditions and Unforeseen Issues Unexpected site conditions are encountered, such as poor soil quality, underground utilities or archaeological findings. Environmental factors like flooding, landslides or weather damage affect construction progress. Regulatory or Compliance Changes New regulations, safety standards or building codes are introduced after the project begins. Inspection authorities require changes to meet compliance requirements. Material or Equipment Substitutions Specified materials are unavailable, and alternative materials need to be used. Equipment specified in the contract is no longer suitable due to unforeseen conditions. Time Extensions or Delays Project delays occur due to factors beyond the contractor’s control, such as adverse weather, supply chain disruptions or labor shortages. A variation order can formalize a time extension to adjust project timelines. Budget Adjustments Changes in labor or material costs may require a re-evaluation of the budget. Additional work or unforeseen conditions may result in increased costs that need client approval. Client or Stakeholder Requests Clients may change their preferences mid-project, asking for aesthetic modifications or functional adjustments. Stakeholders might request changes to accommodate business needs or operational improvements. Who Requests a Variation Order Different parties involved in a construction project can request a variation order, depending on the situation. The most common roles requesting a variation order include the following. Client or Project Owner The client may request a variation order to make design changes, add new features or adjust project requirements. They might also request changes due to evolving business needs, regulatory updates or aesthetic preferences. Contractor The contractor may identify unforeseen site conditions, such as poor soil or hidden utilities, that require additional work or changes to the construction plan. They may also propose variations to improve constructability, reduce costs or meet safety requirements. Architect or Designer Architects or designers may request a variation order if they identify design flaws, omissions or discrepancies in the project drawings or specifications. They may also suggest modifications to enhance functionality or aesthetics. Engineer Structural, civil or MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineers may request changes due to technical issues, unforeseen site conditions or changes in material availability. They may also recommend variations to ensure structural integrity and compliance with regulations. Project Manager or Consultant The project manager may identify the need for a variation order to mitigate delays, reallocate resources or address issues affecting project timelines. Consultants responsible for quality assurance or regulatory compliance may also suggest changes. Regulatory Authorities In some cases, building inspectors or regulatory agencies may require changes to meet updated codes, safety standards or environmental regulations. Who Approves a Variation Order? A variation order is typically approved by the party or parties with contractual authority over the project. The approval process ensures that the proposed changes are justified, budgeted and aligned with the project’s goals. The key individuals or entities that may approve a variation order include the following. Client or Project Owner The primary approver in most cases, since they are responsible for funding the project. The client evaluates the financial and timeline impacts before approving. They may involve their legal or financial advisors for larger variations. Project Manager Often plays a role in reviewing the variation order for feasibility, cost-effectiveness and its impact on the project schedule. While they may not have the final authority, they provide recommendations to the client. Contractor May need to approve the variation order if it affects their contractual obligations, timelines or resource management. In some cases, the contractor might also negotiate for adjustments in payment or schedule. Architect or Designer Approves variations that involve design changes to ensure the changes align with architectural intent and building codes. Provides technical input regarding the feasibility of the proposed changes. Engineer If the variation order involves structural or technical modifications, the engineer must assess the impact on safety, stability and compliance with engineering standards. Quantity Surveyor or Cost Consultant Reviews the financial impact of the variation order, ensuring accurate cost estimates are provided before approval. Regulatory Authorities (If Necessary) For variations that affect safety standards, zoning regulations or building codes, the relevant regulatory authority may need to approve the changes. What Should Be Included in a Variation Order? A variation order is a formal document to request and approve changes to a construction project’s original contract. It serves as an essential record of any adjustments in scope, timeline or budget. To ensure clarity and transparency, a well-structured variation order should include the following elements. Project Details Provide basic information about the project, including: Project name and location Contract number or reference Client’s and contractor’s names Date of the variation order This ensures all parties can easily reference the correct project and context. Description of Change Clearly outline the nature of the variation. Specify what is being added, removed or modified, including details about materials, design or scope. Explain the reason for the change, whether it’s due to client requests, unforeseen site conditions or regulatory requirements. Change Impact Provide a detailed analysis of how the variation will affect the project’s: Cost: Estimate any additional costs or cost savings. Time: Specify any changes to the project schedule, including revised milestones or completion dates. Resources: Indicate if extra labor, materials, or equipment will be required. This section ensures that stakeholders understand the full impact of the change. Signatures Include designated spaces for signatures from key stakeholders, typically: Client or project owner Contractor or subcontractor Project manager or consultant The signed approval formalizes acceptance of the variation order. Supporting Documents Attach any relevant documentation to provide additional context or justification, such as: Revised drawings or blueprints Cost estimates or quotations Schedules and timelines Correspondence or meeting notes Supporting documents ensure that all details are accurately recorded and accessible for future reference. By including these elements, a variation order becomes a clear, comprehensive document that facilitates effective communication and decision-making in construction projects. Variation Order Example To better understand what a variation order is, let’s look at how it works in a real-life scenario. For example, a change order for a construction project that consists of adding additional parking spaces to an apartment complex. Change Description Change Impact Sign Offs The above charts illustrate how a variation order would be done in the construction of additional parking spaces in an apartment complex. Variation Order Template To help with the variation order process, download this free change request form template for Word, which is another way to describe a variation order. This is an essential part of the change management process and helps to make sure the change is thoroughly and smoothly implemented. Related Construction Project Management Templates A variation order template is one of over 100 free project management templates for Excel and Word that can be downloaded from our site. They cover all aspects of managing a project across multiple industries. Below are a few that are related to the change management process. Change Management Plan Template Download this free change management plan template for Word to outline how changes will be identified, assessed, approved and implemented within a project. It serves as a guide for managing both anticipated and unexpected changes, ensuring minimal disruption to the project’s progress. Change Impact Assessment Template Use this free change impact assessment template for Excel to evaluate the potential effects of a proposed change on a project. It helps stakeholders understand how the change will impact various aspects of the project, including time, cost, resources and overall objectives. This template is often used as part of the change management process to make informed decisions before approving or rejecting a change request. Change Log Template A change log is a spreadsheet used to track and manage changes in a project. Download this free change log template for Excel to provide a clear and organized way to document details about change requests, their status and their impact on the project. Using this free template makes it easy to filter, sort and analyze data, ensuring that all changes are properly monitored and managed. How ProjectManager Helps With Change Management Change management is too dynamic to depend on static templates to manage implementation into construction projects. Construction crews need tools that don’t have to be manually updated and can provide a more collaborative environment. That’s why they choose construction project management software. ProjectManager is award-winning project and portfolio construction management software that allows project managers to track, assess and implement changes systematically while maintaining control over timeline, budgets and resources. Manage Tasks and Resources Effectively After a change is approved, new tasks can be assigned to team members with deadlines and priorities. Because their availability has been set when onboarded and human and nonhuman resources are scheduled on the Gantt chart, project managers can ensure the right people and materials are there to make the assigned changes. Workload charts show resource allocation across one or multiple projects, so it’s easy to see who is overallocated or underutilized. The team’s workload can be balanced to keep them all working at capacity without causing burnout. There’s also a team page to get a daily or weekly summary of team activity, which can be filtered by progress or priority and tasks updated without leaving the page. View Impact Assessment With Real-Time Dashboards and Reporting There are many ways to see how changes are impacting the schedule, budget and more. For a high-level overview, toggle to the real-time project or portfolio dashboards. They automatically collect live data and display it on easy-to-read graphs and charts that display time, cost, workload and more. For a closer look, use customizable reports on status, variance, workload timesheets and more. Each can be filtered to focus on key data points or provide a more general view of progress, which can then be shared with stakeholders. Secure timesheets can track labor costs to help stay on budget. Related Change Management Management Content A variation order is a crucial but small part of the larger change management process. For those who want to learn more about the topic, below are some more recent pieces we’ve published on our blog about change management principles, processes, plans and more. What Is Change Management? Principles, Process & Models How to Make a Change Management Plan How to Make a Change Management Communication Plan What Is Change Control in Project Management? Change Impact Assessment & Analysis ProjectManager is online project and portfolio construction management software that connects teams whether they’re in the office or on the job site. They can share files, comment at the task level and stay updated with email and in-app notifications. Get started with ProjectManager today for free.

2025-05-31 叶万藓 翻译技术资讯 英-中
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