国家植物园的神奇植物

Magic plants in the National Botanical Garden

4月18日，国家植物园在北京正式揭牌。作为一个国家经济、科技、文化、生态、社会可持续发展水平的重要标志，国家植物园的建立，表明我国以开展植物迁地保护、科学研究为主，兼具科学传播、园林园艺展示和生态休闲等功能的综合性场所——国家植物多样性保护基地正式成立。

On April 18th, the National Botanical Garden was officially unveiled in Beijing. As an important symbol of a country's sustainable development level of economy, science and technology, culture, ecology and society, the establishment of the National Botanical Garden shows that the National Plant Diversity Protection Base, a comprehensive place with the functions of scientific dissemination, gardening display and ecological leisure, is formally established in China.

建设国家植物园体系具有重要示范意义。野生植物是自然生态系统的基本组成部分，是经济社会可持续发展的重要物质基础，其携带的遗传资源是关系到国家生态安全和生物安全的核心战略资源。“由于栖息地破坏、过度开发、气候变化、外来物种入侵、自身繁殖受限等因素，一些野生植物濒临灭绝，亟待采取有效的保护拯救措施。”国家林草局动植物司副司长周志华表示，“构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系是就地保护的主要形式，建设以国家植物园为引领的植物园体系是迁地保护的主要形式，二者缺一不可、有机互补，形成我国较为完整的生物多样性保护体系。”

It is of great demonstration significance to build a national botanical garden system. Wild plants are the basic components of natural ecosystems and the important material basis for sustainable economic and social development. The genetic resources they carry are the core strategic resources related to national ecological security and biosafety. "Due to habitat destruction, over-exploitation, climate change, invasion of alien species, limited reproduction and other factors, some wild plants are on the verge of extinction, and it is urgent to take effective protection and rescue measures." Zhou Zhihua, deputy director of the Animal and Plant Department of the State Forestry and Grass Bureau, "Building a nature reserve system with national parks as the main body is the main form of in-situ conservation, and building a botanical garden system led by the National Botanical Garden is the main form of ex-situ conservation. The two are indispensable and organically complementary, forming a relatively complete biodiversity conservation system in China."

中国是全球植物多样性最丰富的国家之一，已知的高等植物有3.7万余种，大约占全球的十分之一。全世界共有2000多个植物园，有40多个国家把国家级植物园设立在首都，北京的加入，让世界植物园之家增加了一颗耀眼的东方之星。

China is one of the countries with the richest plant diversity in the world, with more than 37,000 known higher plants, accounting for about one tenth of the world. There are more than 2,000 botanical gardens in the world, and more than 40 countries have set up national botanical gardens in their capitals. The addition of Beijing has added a dazzling Oriental Star to the World Botanical Garden House.

国家植物园是在中国科学院植物研究所（南园）和北京植物园（北园）现有条件基础上，经过扩容增效有机整合而成，总规划面积近600公顷。“国家植物园的建设符合首都功能定位，与北京政治中心、文化中心、国际交往中心和科技创新中心城市战略功能定位契合，在首都设立国家植物园也符合国际惯例。”国家植物园（北园）执行主任、正高级工程师贺然表示。

On the basis of the existing conditions of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (South Garden) and Beijing Botanical Garden (North Garden), the National Botanical Garden is organically integrated through expansion and efficiency improvement, with a total planned area of nearly 600 hectares. "The construction of the National Botanical Garden is in line with the functional orientation of the capital and is in line with the strategic functional orientation of Beijing's political center, cultural center, international exchange center and science and technology innovation center. The establishment of the National Botanical Garden in the capital is also in line with international practice." He Ran, executive director and senior engineer of National Botanical Garden (North Garden), said.

4月23日，在鲜花绽放的国家植物园北区，“中国鸽子树”珙桐在阳光下熠熠生辉，“植物大熊猫”水杉在一片葱郁中透出无限生机，来自非洲能活2000年的“千岁兰”令人惊叹植物之美。

On April 23rd, in the north area of the National Botanical Garden, where flowers bloom, Davidia involucrata, a "Chinese pigeon tree", shines in the sun, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, a "plant giant panda", reveals infinite vitality in a lush landscape, and "Chitose Orchid" from Africa, which can live for 2000 years, is amazing in plant beauty.

贺然说，中科院植物研究所和北京植物园经过多年的发展，形成丰厚积淀。目前已收集各类植物1.5万余种（含种下单元），迁地保护水杉、珙桐等170余种中国珍稀濒危植物；拥有6个国家花卉种质资源库和国际海棠品种登录权；有2个国家重点实验室和一座亚洲最大的植物标本馆，馆藏标本280万份。

He Ran said that after years of development, the Institute of Botany of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Botanical Garden have formed rich accumulation. At present, more than 15,000 kinds of plants (including sub-plant units) have been collected, and more than 170 kinds of rare and endangered plants in China such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Davidia involucrata have been ex-situ protected; It has 6 national flower germplasm resources banks and international begonia varieties registration rights; There are two state key laboratories and the largest herbarium in Asia, with a collection of 2.8 million specimens.

首个国家植物园，正加速成为国家植物多样性保护的重要基地。

The first national botanical garden is accelerating to become an important base for national plant diversity protection.

科普之光

Light of Popular Science

4月18日，与国家植物园一起开门迎客的还有位于北园的科普馆。进入宽阔大厅，人类和植物的故事如一幅画卷徐徐展开。主展厅门前，世界上最大的种子与最小的种子并列展示：海椰子的种子最重可达25公斤左右；而斑叶兰的种子小的简直像灰尘一样。主展区内以“植物改变人类生活”为主题，集中展示了植物与人类生活的关系。这些植物包括食用植物、饮料植物、纤维织物、木材、药物、能源植物等，让人们认识到植物是万物之基，生命之源，关系着人类的生存和发展。

On April 18th, the Science Museum in Beiyuan opened its doors with the National Botanical Garden. Entering the wide hall, the story of human beings and plants unfolds like a picture scroll. In front of the main exhibition hall, the world's largest seeds and smallest seeds are displayed side by side: the seeds of sea coconut can weigh up to about 25 kg; And the seeds of the orchid are as small as dust. With the theme of "Plants Change Human Life", the main exhibition area focuses on the relationship between plants and human life. These plants include edible plants, beverage plants, fiber fabrics, wood, medicines, energy plants, etc., which make people realize that plants are the foundation of all things and the source of life, and are related to the survival and development of human beings.

国家植物园科普馆馆长王康说，中国是“世界园林之母”，水稻和小米塑造了我们的农耕文明；茶叶给人类生活带来深刻变革；桑树成就了丝绸之路；还有让世界变得美轮美奂的花卉……丰富的植物孕育和滋养着中华文明，也浸润着世界文明。

Alva Wang, director of the Science Museum of the National Botanical Garden, said that China is the "mother of world gardens", and rice and millet have shaped our farming civilization; Tea has brought profound changes to human life; Mulberry made the Silk Road; There are also flowers that make the world beautiful … Rich plants breed and nourish Chinese civilization, and also infiltrate world civilization.

走出科普馆，阳光下的碧桃正怒放，红的、粉的，园区的草丛和花田里观赏桃树随处可见，这里正举办的桃花节已有30多年历史。桃树品种从当时的6个达到现在的70多个，全园各种桃树达3000余株，是世界上可以观赏到桃花品种最多的专类园。桃花的观赏期也从最初的20天延长到2个月。

Walking out of the Science Museum, peaches are in full bloom in the sun, red and pink. Peach trees can be seen everywhere in the grass and flower fields of the park. The Peach Blossom Festival being held here has a history of more than 30 years. There are more than 70 peach tree varieties from 6 at that time, and there are more than 3,000 peach trees in the whole garden, which is the specialized garden with the largest number of peach blossom varieties in the world. The viewing period of peach blossoms has also been extended from the first 20 days to 2 months.

作为首都市民公益性的公园，这里每年还有郁金香、菊花、兰花等展览，是北京人心目中的网红景区。通过对植物世界的探索，生态文明教育潜移默化、深入人心。

As a public welfare park for citizens in the capital, there are exhibitions of tulips, chrysanthemums and orchids every year, which is a scenic spot in online celebrity in Beijingers' mind. Through the exploration of the plant world, the education of ecological civilization has a subtle influence and is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

经济花园

Economic garden

采访期间，数次听人提起“邱园”的名字。

During the interview, I heard the name of "Qiu Yuan" mentioned several times.

邱园是英国一座有着200多年历史的植物园，2003年被联合国教科文组织列为“世界文化遗产”。工业革命后，邱园变身“经济花园”的传奇经历令植物学界备受启发。

Kew Garden is a botanical garden with a history of more than 200 years in Britain, which was listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO in 2003. After the Industrial Revolution, the legendary experience of transforming Kew Garden into an "economic garden" inspired botanists.

19世纪，在热带地区特别是印度，疟疾夺去了许多英国士兵的生命。英国政府每年需花费大量经费购买含有奎宁的药物用于治疗疟疾，而奎宁是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树树皮中提取的。邱园派遣一批植物学家前往南美洲获取金鸡纳树树种，经历重重失败后最终使金鸡纳树在印度移栽成功。奎宁的价格急剧下跌，为英国政府节省了大笔开支，邱园因此名声大振，类似案例还有对橡胶、咖啡等经济植物的开发研究。

In the 19th century, malaria claimed the lives of many British soldiers in tropical areas, especially India. Every year, the British government spends a lot of money to buy drugs containing quinine to treat malaria, and quinine is extracted from the bark of cinchona trees native to South America. Kew Garden sent a group of botanists to South America to obtain cinchona tree species. After many failures, cinchona tree was transplanted successfully in India. The price of quinine dropped sharply, which saved the British government a lot of money, and Kew Garden became famous. Similar cases include the development and research of economic plants such as rubber and coffee.

而在我国，大树杜鹃是非常古老原始的一个物种，因其生长在高大的乔木之上而得名，绽放时火红的花簇就像一片片燃烧的云彩。19世纪末期，“植物猎人”福雷斯特来到中国，在西南地区的高黎贡山看到这种独特的花卉植物深感惊艳，于是带人锯倒这棵上百年的珍稀植物，将这株树的圆盘树干带回英国，在大英博物馆展出后引起轰动。20世纪初，400多个品种的杜鹃被引入欧洲。

In China, the big tree Rhododendron is a very ancient and primitive species, which is named after its growth on tall trees. When it blooms, the flaming flowers are like burning clouds. At the end of the 19th century, Forrest, a "plant hunter", came to China and was deeply amazed to see this unique flower plant in Gaoligong Mountain in Southwest China. He took people to saw down this rare plant for hundreds of years and brought the disk trunk of this tree back to Britain, which caused a sensation after being exhibited in the British Museum. At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 400 varieties of Jennifer were introduced into Europe.

从我国带回的杜鹃花给英国园林产业带来了变革，爱丁堡植物园因此成为世界上栽植杜鹃花品种最多的场所和世界杜鹃花研究中心，那里现有500多种杜鹃花，其中300多种原产于中国，有些品种在原产地都难觅踪影。

The azaleas brought back from China have brought changes to the British garden industry, and Edinburgh Botanical Garden has become the place with the largest number of azaleas planted in the world and the World Rhododendron Research Center. There are more than 500 kinds of azaleas there, of which more than 300 kinds are native to China, and some varieties are hard to find in the country of origin.

所以，一种植物可能会形成一个产业，甚至会改写一个国家的经济史。

Therefore, a plant may form an industry and even rewrite the economic history of a country.

中国科学院植物研究所也有许多生态产业的故事。“构树扶贫，大有作为”，国家植物园、中国科学院植物研究所研究员，杂交构树研究组组长沈世华说，针对我国蛋白质饲草料紧缺和生态文明建设的重大需求，植物所科研人员自2002年开始以我国本土资源植物构树为对象，开展了基础研究、品种培育、试验示范和应用推广等工作。收集野生构树资源400余份，筛选出核心种质30余份，首次破译构树高精度基因组，培育出“中构”和“科构”两大杂交构树新品系，使其成为拥有适应性强、种植区域广等特点的优质蛋白质饲草料。2014年12月，杂交构树被国务院扶贫办列入国家十大精准扶贫工程之一，2020年9月被我国纳入健全饲草料供应体系新品种。

Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences also has many stories of ecological industry. "Building trees to help the poor makes great achievements", Researcher, National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Shihua, head of the research group of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera, said that in view of the shortage of protein forage and the great demand of ecological civilization construction in China, researchers of the Institute of Botany have carried out basic research, variety cultivation, experimental demonstration and application promotion since 2002. More than 400 wild Broussonetia papyrifera resources were collected, and more than 30 core collections were screened out. The high-precision genome of Broussonetia papyrifera was deciphered for the first time, and two new hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera lines, "Zhonggou" and "Kegou", were cultivated, making them high-quality protein forage with strong adaptability and wide planting area. In December 2014, hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera was listed as one of the top ten precision poverty alleviation projects by the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council, and in September 2020, it was included as a new variety of improved forage supply system in China.

为更好地推动科技成果转化，沈世华团队承担的科技部国家重点研发计划“杂交构树产业关键技术集成研究与应用示范”项目解决了品种培育、高效育苗、丰产栽培、机械采收、烘干加工等产业瓶颈问题，为杂交构树蛋白质产业高质量发展提供了成套解决方案。

To better promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, Shen Shihua's team undertook the national key research and development plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology, "Integrated Research and Application Demonstration of Key Technologies of Hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera Industry", which solved the industrial bottlenecks such as variety cultivation, efficient seedling raising, high-yield cultivation, mechanical harvesting and drying processing, and provided a complete set of solutions for the high-quality development of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera protein industry.

据悉，在中国科学院植物研究所为首的核心科技力量支撑下，截至2019年底，28个省区市200余个县累计推广种植杂交构树102万亩，参与的构树企业或合作社达600多家，带动超过20万贫困人口脱贫增收。

It is reported that under the support of the core scientific and technological forces led by the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, by the end of 2019, more than 200 counties in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities had promoted the planting of 1.02 million mu of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera, and more than 600 enterprises or cooperatives participated in the planting of Broussonetia papyrifera, driving more than 200,000 poor people out of poverty and increasing their income.

在中科院植物所，加强对植物研发并形成规模、带动地方经济增长的还有葡萄和牡丹等。

In the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, grapes and peonies are also driving local economic growth.

魅力植物

Charming plant

植物中也蕴含着巨大的文化富矿。

Plants also contain huge cultural riches.

“国家植物园还有深厚的历史文化内涵，拥有国家级文物保护单位卧佛寺、北京市级爱国主义教育基地一二·九运动纪念地和曹雪芹故居等10余处历史人文景观，有645株宝贵的古树名木资源，集植物文化、历史文化、红色文化于一体。”贺然说。

"The National Botanical Garden also has profound historical and cultural connotations. It has more than 10 historical and cultural landscapes such as the Reclining Buddha Temple, a state-level cultural relics protection unit, the 129 Movement Memorial Site of the Beijing Municipal Patriotic Education Base and the former residence of Cao Xueqin. There are 645 precious ancient and famous trees. Resources, integrating plant culture, historical culture and red culture." He Ran said.

每到春天，当曹雪芹纪念馆西侧山桃花溪景区的数百株桃花盛开时，一些红学爱好者就会来此观赏红楼植物。

Every spring, when hundreds of peach blossoms bloom in Taohuaxi Scenic Spot on the west side of Cao Xueqin Memorial Hall, some redology lovers will come here to watch the red chamber plants.

“我国文学名著《红楼梦》中的植物涉及食用、药用、材用、园林、装饰、民俗、文学等诸多方面，对应植物有240余种。2010年9月17日，在首届黄叶村曹雪芹文化艺术节上，曹雪芹纪念馆内100余种红楼植物向广大游客展出，让大家感受到《红楼梦》中的植物文化。”曹雪芹纪念馆馆长徐博汶说，“红楼梦专类园”经过数年打造，目前有露地栽植“红楼植物”110余种，加上温室内栽植的热带、亚热带植物等，可展示的“红楼植物”种类可达150种左右，先后举办的“红楼梦专类植物展”“红楼植物专题讲座”等活动，深受游客和红学爱好者欢迎。

"The plants in A Dream of Red Mansions, a famous Chinese literary work, involve food, medicine, materials, gardens, decoration, folk customs, literature and many other aspects, and there are more than 240 kinds of corresponding plants. On September 17, 2010, at the first Cao Xueqin Culture and Art Festival in Huangye Village, more than 100 kinds of red chamber plants in Cao Xueqin Memorial Hall were exhibited to tourists, so that everyone could feel the plant culture in A Dream of Red Mansions." Xu Bowen, director of Cao Xueqin Memorial Hall, said, The "Dream of Red Mansions Special Garden" has been built for several years. At present, there are more than 110 kinds of "Red Mansion Plants" planted in the open field, and about 150 kinds of "Red Mansion Plants" can be displayed in addition to tropical and subtropical plants planted in the greenhouse. The activities such as "Dream of Red Mansions Special Plants Exhibition" and "Red Mansion Plants Special Lecture" held successively are well received by tourists and redology lovers.

徐博汶说，曹雪芹纪念馆地处北京“西山永定河”文化带，搜集申报的“曹雪芹西山传说”于2011年被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录。曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中展示出了丰富的植物知识。

Xu Bowen said that Cao Xueqin Memorial Hall is located in the "Yongding River in Xishan" cultural belt in Beijing, and the collected and declared "Legend of Cao Xueqin Xishan" was listed in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2011. Cao Xueqin showed rich knowledge of plants in A Dream of Red Mansions.

曹雪芹、《红楼梦》与植物，是国家植物园一张亮丽的文化名片。“成为国家植物园的一员，未来曹雪芹纪念馆将深入挖掘植物中的文化功能，传承、推广曹红文化，让游客从红楼植物中更好地品读世界文学名著，为人民提供更加美好的文化享受。”徐博汶说。

Cao Xueqin, A Dream of Red Mansions and Plants, is a beautiful cultural card of the National Botanical Garden. "To become a member of the National Botanical Garden, in the future, Cao Xueqin Memorial Hall will dig deep into the cultural functions of plants, inherit and promote Cao Hong culture, so that tourists can better read the world literary classics from the Red Chamber plants and provide better cultural enjoyment for the people." Xu Bowen said.

国家植物园研究兰花迁地保护的博士张毓，一直致力于讲好中国植物故事。在她的实验室，她轻声地介绍着那些装在透明玻璃器皿里绿色的兰花小苗和细如微尘的兰花种子。“兰科植物中珍稀濒危物种很多，我们主要开展中国温带（高山）兰的迁地保育研究。”为了调查北京地区野生大花杓兰的分布现状，张毓把北京百花山、灵山、雾灵山等全爬了一遍。北京植物园兰花保育团队还和四川黄龙、青海三江源、海南吊罗山等国家公园（自然保护区）长期合作，开展珍稀濒危兰科植物的保育研究和野外回归工作，2019年和2020年送回黄龙4000多株高山兰花。

Zhang Yu, a doctor who studies the ex-situ conservation of orchids in the National Botanical Garden, has been devoted to telling the story of Chinese plants well. In her laboratory, she whispered about the green orchid seedlings and orchid seeds as fine as dust in transparent glassware. "There are many rare and endangered species in orchids. We mainly carry out ex-situ conservation research on temperate (alpine) orchids in China." In order to investigate the distribution of wild Cyperaceae in Beijing, Zhang Yu climbed Baihua Mountain, Lingshan Mountain and Wuling Mountain in Beijing. The orchid conservation team of Beijing Botanical Garden also cooperated with national parks (nature reserves) such as Huanglong in Sichuan, Sanjiangyuan in Qinghai and Diaoluoshan in Hainan for a long time to carry out conservation research and field return of rare and endangered orchids, and sent back more than 4,000 alpine orchids in Huanglong in 2019 and 2020.

在国家植物园，有许多研究者在植物领域默默耕耘，用丰硕的成果讲述着一个个动人中国植物故事。未来，新组建的国家植物园将对标世界顶级植物园，规划收集活植物3万种以上，强化自主创新，接轨国际标准，建设成中国特色、世界一流、万物和谐的国家植物园。(经济日报记者 李佳霖)

In the National Botanical Garden, many researchers work quietly in the field of plants, telling moving stories of Chinese plants with fruitful results. In the future, the newly established National Botanical Garden will benchmark the world's top botanical gardens, plan to collect more than 30,000 kinds of living plants, strengthen independent innovation, meet international standards, and build a national botanical garden with Chinese characteristics, world-class and harmonious everything. (Economic Daily reporter Li Jialin)