政策频出，绿氢绿灯还不够
Frequent Policies Issued, but "Green Light" for Green Hydrogen Is Still Insufficient
要让绿氢发挥“能源社保”的功能，需要系统性改革破解当前困局。
To enable green hydrogen to play its role as an "energy social security", systematic reforms are required to break the current predicament.
今年以来，无论是国家相关部门还是地方，都密集出台了一系列推动氢能产业尤其是绿氢发展的政策。在“双碳”目标的推动下，绿氢被业内视为给企业能源安全缴“保险”的重要途径。但实际上，绿氢这个“能源社保”体系面临着缴不起、领不到、保障低的现实困境，需要系统性改革破解当前困局。
Since this year, both national authorities and local governments have intensively issued a series of policies to promote the development of the hydrogen energy industry, especially green hydrogen. Driven by the "dual carbon" goals (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), green hydrogen is regarded by the industry as an important way to "pay insurance" for enterprises' energy security. However, in reality, the "energy social security" system for green hydrogen is faced with practical dilemmas such as unaffordable costs, inaccessible benefits, and insufficient protection, which call for systematic reforms to resolve.
成本账：缴费门槛高不高?
Cost Account: Is the "Contribution Threshold" Too High?
之所以把绿氢视为“能源社保”，主要在于其背后的运行逻辑：企业前期高投入是为了规避未来的碳成本风险，但实际上，高昂的缴费门槛把很多企业挡在了门外。
The reason green hydrogen is compared to "energy social security" lies mainly in its operational logic: enterprises make high upfront investments to avoid future carbon cost risks. However, in reality, the high "contribution threshold" has excluded many enterprises.
最新市场数据显示，8月国内绿氢价格约28.36元/公斤，而传统灰氢价格仅约10元/公斤，绿氢成本是灰氢的数倍。在此价差下，企业购买得越多，短期内负担越重。某钢铁企业算过一笔账：若用绿氢替代煤炭炼铁，每吨钢成本需要增加300元。按年产1000万吨规模算，年增成本高达30亿元。这对利润率仅5%左右的钢铁行业来说，负担不小。
Latest market data shows that in August, the domestic price of green hydrogen was approximately 28.36 yuan per kilogram, while the price of traditional gray hydrogen was only about 10 yuan per kilogram—green hydrogen costs several times more than gray hydrogen. Given this price gap, the more green hydrogen an enterprise purchases, the heavier its short-term burden becomes. A steel enterprise calculated that replacing coal with green hydrogen for ironmaking would increase the cost per ton of steel by 300 yuan. For an annual output of 10 million tons, the annual additional cost would reach 3 billion yuan, which is a significant burden for the steel industry with a profit margin of only around 5%.
绿氢成本高企的根源在于缴费结构不合理。电费占绿氢生产成本的70%，成了最大负担。虽然目前已有高校研发新型催化剂，能将电解槽寿命提升40倍，部分电解槽直流电耗降至 3.898kWh/Nm³，但技术进步带来的降本速度，仍赶不上企业对短期收益的渴求。更棘手的是，部分电解槽依赖的贵金属催化剂，因高价让本就困难的企业雪上加霜。
The root cause of high green hydrogen costs lies in the unreasonable "contribution structure". Electricity costs account for 70% of green hydrogen production costs, making it the biggest burden. Although some universities have developed new catalysts that can extend the lifespan of electrolyzers by 40 times, and the DC power consumption of some electrolyzers has been reduced to 3.898 kWh/Nm³, the cost reduction speed brought by technological progress still cannot meet enterprises' demand for short-term profits. More problematically, some electrolyzers rely on precious metal catalysts, whose high prices have worsened the difficulties for already struggling enterprises.
另外，不同地区的绿氢价格差异也很大。近期河南绿氢价格29.33元/公斤，珠三角地区却高达38.13元/公斤，导致部分企业想购买绿氢却有心无力。
In addition, green hydrogen prices vary significantly across regions. Recently, the price of green hydrogen in Henan Province was 29.33 yuan per kilogram, while in the Pearl River Delta region, it was as high as 38.13 yuan per kilogram. This has left some enterprises willing but unable to purchase green hydrogen.
技术关：保障水平够不够?
Technology Barrier: Is the Protection Level Sufficient?
绿氢的技术成熟度决定了能源保障的可靠性。今年，国家能源局组织开展能源领域氢能试点工作，试点形式分为项目试点和区域试点。试点方向包括11项，分别是规模化制氢及一体化，先进柔性离网制氢，清洁低碳氢能综合开发，规模化、长距离输送，高密度、多元化储存，炼油及煤制油气绿色替代，氢氨燃料供电供能等。此外，国家能源局还启动了“氢能技术”重点专项项目申报。
The technological maturity of green hydrogen determines the reliability of energy protection. This year, the National Energy Administration (NEA) organized hydrogen energy pilot projects in the energy sector, divided into project-based pilots and regional pilots. There are 11 pilot directions, including large-scale hydrogen production and integration, advanced flexible off-grid hydrogen production, comprehensive development of clean and low-carbon hydrogen energy, large-scale and long-distance transportation, high-density and diversified storage, green substitution in oil refining and coal-to-oil/gas processes, and power/energy supply using hydrogen-ammonia fuel. In addition, the NEA has also launched the application for key special projects of "Hydrogen Energy Technology".
虽然从政策层面看，对绿氢技术的重视在不断提高，但目前的实际效力还未全面发挥，所以反映在市场上就打了折扣。
Although policy attention to green hydrogen technology has been increasing, its actual effectiveness has not been fully realized yet, resulting in reduced performance in the market.
其中，电解槽技术的问题最为突出。虽然碱性电解槽占据76%的市场份额，但其难以适应风电光伏的波动性;另一种主流电解技术虽能灵活调峰，但成本太高难以普及;还有些新型电解技术尚处于试用期，十余家厂商推出新品却缺乏长期运行验证，还在试点阶段。
Among the issues, electrolyzer technology is the most prominent. Alkaline electrolyzers account for 76% of the market share, but they struggle to adapt to the volatility of wind and solar power. Another mainstream electrolysis technology can flexibly adjust peak loads but is too costly for popularization. Some new electrolysis technologies are still in the trial phase: more than a dozen manufacturers have launched new products, but these lack long-term operation verification and remain in the pilot stage.
储运环节也存在重重困难。氢气运输面临“流转难”问题。目前建成的500多座加氢站，70%集中在长三角、珠三角;某企业规划提到 2025年要建1000座加氢站，但目前仅完成14%，缺口巨大。储氢技术则保障不足：高压气态储氢成本高，液氢储运能耗大，固态储氢还在示范阶段，无法达成技术和市场的完美匹配。
The storage and transportation links also face numerous difficulties. Hydrogen transportation suffers from "circulation challenges". Among the over 500 hydrogen refueling stations built so far, 70% are concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions. An enterprise’s plan mentions building 1,000 hydrogen refueling stations by 2025, but only 14% have been completed so far, leaving a huge gap. Hydrogen storage technology also provides insufficient protection: high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is costly, liquid hydrogen storage and transportation consume large amounts of energy, and solid-state hydrogen storage is still in the demonstration stage—none can achieve a perfect match between technology and market needs.
最根本的问题出在原料端。传统电解水制氢依赖纯水，限制了应用场景。虽然最近海水直接电解制氢技术已突破，但实际应用还需时间验证。光催化制氢等新技术无需电解槽，但目前还在试点工厂阶段，距离大规模应用还有5-10年路程。
The most fundamental problem lies in the raw material end. Traditional water electrolysis for hydrogen production relies on pure water, which limits its application scenarios. Although breakthroughs have recently been made in direct seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, practical application still requires time for verification. New technologies such as photocatalytic hydrogen production do not require electrolyzers, but they are still in the pilot plant stage and are 5-10 years away from large-scale application.
政策障：补贴落实难不难?
Policy Obstacles: Is It Difficult to Implement Subsidies?
今年上半年，北京、河北、天津、山东、广西等共计99个地方下发政策支持氢能发展。但绿氢政策的痛点却在于政策空转。不少企业反映，尽管绿氢补贴政策看似热闹，但其流程复杂、到账缓慢、范围有限。
In the first half of this year, a total of 99 localities including Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, and Guangxi issued policies to support the development of hydrogen energy. However, the pain point of green hydrogen policies lies in "policy inaction". Many enterprises report that although green hydrogen subsidy policies seem vigorous, their procedures are complicated, fund disbursement is slow, and coverage is limited.
不少企业首先面对的是审批流程的繁文缛节。比如，建设绿氢项目需办理26个证件，且必须在化工园区内。某企业负责人吐槽：“我们的制氢项目环保指标全达标，但因不在化工园区，审批卡了8个月，错过最佳建设窗口期。” 这种制度性障碍导致 2023-2024 年立项的 650 万吨绿氢项目中，实际落地仅 11 万吨，开工率不足 2%。
Many enterprises first face red tape in the approval process. For example, building a green hydrogen project requires applying for 26 certificates and must be located within a chemical industrial park. A corporate executive complained, "Our hydrogen production project meets all environmental protection standards, but because it is not in a chemical industrial park, the approval has been delayed for 8 months, causing us to miss the optimal construction window." Such institutional obstacles have resulted in only 110,000 tons of green hydrogen projects actually being implemented out of the 6.5 million tons approved in 2023-2024, with a commencement rate of less than 2%.
其次，补贴政策的碎片化问题也很突出。目前绿氢补贴多为地市级政策，标准参差不齐。西北某项目能拿到1500元/吨的补贴，东南某省却侧重加氢站建设补助，如此一来，企业无法根据实际需求建设绿氢项目。当前，部分发达国家有“氢能银行”提供 10年固定补贴，对比之下我国国家级补贴明显缺位。
Secondly, the fragmentation of subsidy policies is also prominent. Currently, most green hydrogen subsidies are municipal-level policies with inconsistent standards. A project in northwest China can receive a subsidy of 1,500 yuan per ton, while a province in southeast China focuses on subsidies for hydrogen refueling station construction. As a result, enterprises cannot build green hydrogen projects based on their actual needs. Currently, some developed countries have "hydrogen banks" that provide fixed subsidies for 10 years; in contrast, national-level subsidies in China are clearly lacking.
最后，监管体系的“九龙治水”同样困扰企业。氢的能源属性虽已写入《能源法》，但管理仍分散在发改、能源、应急等多个部门。有东部某企业反映：氢车进入密闭空间、高压加氢等国际通行做法，在国内仍受限制，标准不统一让企业无所适从。这种监管的不确定性，导致不少企业不敢投入长期研发。
Finally, the fragmented supervision system (often described as "nine dragons governing water") also plagues enterprises. Although the energy attribute of hydrogen has been written into the Energy Law, its management is still scattered among multiple departments such as the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Energy Administration, and the Ministry of Emergency Management. An enterprise in eastern China reported that internationally accepted practices such as hydrogen vehicles entering enclosed spaces and high-pressure hydrogen refueling are still restricted in China, and inconsistent standards leave enterprises at a loss. This regulatory uncertainty has prevented many enterprises from investing in long-term R&D.
破局路：多维破局行不行?
Breakthrough Path: Can Multi-Dimensional Solutions Work?
绿氢产业需要系统性改革破解当前困局。那些率先探索破局之道的地区和项目，已经看到了“能源社保”体系完善的曙光。
The green hydrogen industry needs systematic reforms to break the current predicament. Regions and projects that have taken the lead in exploring solutions have already seen the dawn of a improved "energy social security" system.
从根本上来说，技术创新是发展绿氢的关键。目前，高校研发的新型催化剂让电解槽寿命提升 40 倍，光催化制氢无需电解槽，直接降低门槛;东部某加氢站用光伏发电自给自足，提高了资金使用效率。这些技术的突破让绿氢距离25元/kg 的平价临界点越来越近。
Fundamentally, technological innovation is the key to developing green hydrogen. Currently, new catalysts developed by universities have extended electrolyzer lifespans by 40 times; photocatalytic hydrogen production eliminates the need for electrolyzers, directly lowering the threshold; and a hydrogen refueling station in eastern China uses self-generated photovoltaic power, improving capital efficiency. These technological breakthroughs have brought green hydrogen closer to the parity threshold of 25 yuan per kilogram.
同时，政策创新正在完善。国家能源局在《2025年能源工作指导意见》的通知中指出，稳步发展可再生能源制氢及可持续燃料产业，稳步推动燃料电池汽车试点应用，有序推进全国氢能信息平台建设，稳妥有序探索开展管道输氢项目试点应用，推动各地建立完善氢能管理机制。最近，东南某省已经试点绿氢项目非化工园区布局，这将大大拓展企业的项目范围。央行将氢能全产业链纳入绿色金融支持目录，相当于为绿氢设立绿色通道。某能源示范工程计划将终端氢价控制在25元/kg以内，建立了较低的绿氢价格基数，利好全产业链。这些政策组合拳，正在解决绿氢产业市场化中遭遇的实际障碍。
At the same time, policy innovation is being improved. In the Notice on the Guiding Opinions on Energy Work in 2025, the National Energy Administration stated that it will steadily develop the renewable energy-based hydrogen production and sustainable fuel industry, promote the pilot application of fuel cell vehicles, advance the construction of a national hydrogen energy information platform in an orderly manner, explore the pilot application of hydrogen pipeline transportation projects steadily and orderly, and promote local governments to establish and improve hydrogen energy management mechanisms. Recently, a province in southeast China has piloted the layout of green hydrogen projects outside chemical industrial parks, which will greatly expand the scope of enterprises' projects. The central bank has included the entire hydrogen energy industry chain in the green finance support catalog, equivalent to creating a green channel for green hydrogen. An energy demonstration project plans to control the terminal hydrogen price within 25 yuan per kilogram, establishing a low green hydrogen price base that benefits the entire industry chain. This combination of policies is addressing the practical obstacles encountered in the marketization of the green hydrogen industry.
市场机制也正在扩大绿氢的应用范围。工业领域成为绿氢运用的重要阵地：西北某绿氢耦合煤化工项目实现100%绿电供氢，钢铁行业氢冶金渗透率达8%。交通领域则是下一个发展重点：氢能重卡在封闭场景实现成本平价，2025 年销量预计突破5万辆。这种“基本+补充”的应用格局，让绿氢保障更加多层次。
Market mechanisms are also expanding the application scope of green hydrogen. The industrial sector has become an important battlefield for green hydrogen application: a green hydrogen-coupled coal chemical project in northwest China has achieved 100% green electricity supply for hydrogen production, and the penetration rate of hydrogen-based metallurgy in the steel industry has reached 8%. The transportation sector is the next key development area: hydrogen heavy-duty trucks have achieved cost parity in closed scenarios, and their sales are expected to exceed 50,000 units by 2025. This "basic + supplementary" application pattern has enabled more multi-level green hydrogen protection.
随着技术进步、政策完善和市场成熟，绿氢这个“能源社保”体系必将越来越完善，让企业在能源转型的道路上，缴得放心、用得安心、发展更有信心。
With technological progress, policy improvement, and market maturity, the "energy social security" system for green hydrogen will surely become more sophisticated, allowing enterprises to "contribute with confidence", "use with peace of mind", and pursue development with greater assurance on the path of energy transition.
责任编辑：赵 玥
Editor-in-Charge: Zhao Yue
