京东航空入场，航空货运市场竞争加剧？
Jingdong Airlines enters the market, and competition in the air cargo market intensifies?
随着经济发展、科技进步以及消费者购物方式的变化，近20年中国电子商务行业飞速发展。作为我国首屈一指的电商平台，京东集团的成功与其自2007年起自建物流息息相关。今年5月，江苏京东货运航空有限公司公共航空运输企业经营许可证公示，标志着京东集团的航空货运之路即将开启。京东货运航空正式运营后将成为我国首家电商平台成立的货运航空公司，新主体的加入也将为我国航空货运市场带来新的活力。
With economic development, technological progress and changes in consumers' shopping patterns, China's e-commerce industry has grown rapidly in the past 20 years. As China's leading e-commerce platform, JINGdong group's success is closely related to its self-established logistics since 2007. In May this year, Jiangsu Jingdong cargo Aviation Co., LTD. Public air transport business license publicity, marking jingdong group's air cargo road is about to open. After the official operation, JD Cargo Airlines will become the first cargo airline established by e-commerce platform in China, and the joining of the new subject will also bring new vitality to China's air cargo market.
租赁货机运力起步
charter freighter capacity starts
自有航空公司即将展翅翱翔
Own Airlines Will Fly
京东集团要将自身打造成为全球领先的以供应链为基础的技术与服务企业，航空货运是其必须深耕的领域。在航空货运行业，航空运力的使用是关键。
In order to build itself into a global leading supply chain-based technology and service enterprise, air freight is an area that jd must deeply cultivate. In the air cargo industry, the use of air capacity is key.
作为京东集团的标杆企业，全球电商大鳄亚马逊最初使用联邦快递、美国联合包裹等第三方运力，后来长期租赁美国航空运输服务集团（ATSG）、阿特拉斯航空全球控股公司、太阳城航空等公司的飞机，以亚马逊的品牌运行，并入股了ATSG和阿特拉斯航空全球控股公司，从2020年开始逐步购买飞机。根据亚马逊的财报，截至2021年底，亚马逊航空运营的飞机超过了100架。近两年，亚马逊的扩张速度已经超过了联邦快递和美国联合包裹。
As the benchmark enterprise of JD.com, the global e-commerce giant Amazon initially used third-party transportation capacity such as FedEx and UPS, and later leased American Air Transport Services Group (ATSG), Atlas Air Global Holdings, Suncity Airlines for a long time. and other companies, operate under the Amazon brand, and have stakes in ATSG and Atlas Air Global Holdings, which will gradually buy aircraft starting in 2020. Amazon Air operates more than 100 planes by the end of 2021, according to Amazon's earnings report. In the past two years, Amazon has expanded faster than FedEx and UPS.
京东物流在借鉴亚马逊前期使用第三方运力的基础上，结合我国国情，加快了获得运营许可、引进货机运力并独立运营货运航空公司的步伐。
Based on amazon's previous use of third-party transport capacity and China's national conditions, JD Logistics has accelerated the pace of obtaining operation license, introducing freighter transport capacity and operating cargo airlines independently.
2018年11月，京东物流使用天津货运航空波音737货机执飞首条定期货运航线——天津—广州航线，后来又陆续使用长龙航空、龙浩航空等航空公司的货运飞机以及东方航空、首都航空、安哥拉航空等国内外航空公司的“客改货”飞机执飞货运航线。在使用第三方运力过程中，京东物流与航空公司在执飞机场、运营航线、执飞航班频次、合作期限等方面并不能始终达成一致。作为包机人，京东物流在航空运力的使用方面话语权并不强。
In November 2018, jingdong logistics with tianjin freight airlines Boeing 737 cargo plane on the first regular cargo airlines - tianjin - guangzhou route, then use long dragon air in succession, Long Hao airlines and other airlines cargo planes, and eastern airlines at home and abroad, the capital, Angola airlines and airline passenger "goods" aircraft on freight routes. In the process of using third-party transport capacity, JD Logistics and airlines cannot always reach an agreement on airports, routes, flight frequency and cooperation period. As a charter, JINGdong logistics in the use of aviation capacity is not a strong voice.
鉴于使用第三方运力的弊端，以及国内没有专业飞机租赁公司能够长期合作，京东物流被迫加快收购在航空货运领域经验丰富的公司，并成立自有货运航空公司。
Given the drawbacks of using third-party capacity and the lack of professional aircraft leasing companies in China to cooperate with over the long term, JD Logistics was forced to accelerate the acquisition of companies experienced in air cargo and set up its own cargo airline.
2020年8月，京东物流以30亿元收购在干线运输和航空货运方面优势明显的跨越速运股份公司。2022年6月，京东物流将所持跨越速运股份由55.1%增至63.58%。跨越速运成立于2007年，是我国限时速运领域的开拓者，目前拥有17架货运包机，航线贯穿我国南北。
In August 2020, JINGdong Logistics acquired Leapfrog Express Co., LTD., which has obvious advantages in trunk transportation and air freight, with 3 billion yuan. In June 2022, JD Logistics increased its stake in Straddle Express from 55.1% to 63.58%. Founded in 2007, Straddle Express is a pioneer in China's limited-speed transport sector, with 17 charter cargo flights running across the country.
2019年9月，江苏京东货运航空有限公司注册，京东集团占股75%。今年5月，民航局官网对为江苏京东货运航空有限公司颁发公共航空运输企业经营许可证进行公示。根据公示，京东货运航空将引进3架波音737货机。据了解，该公司将于8月正式起航。
In September 2019, Jiangsu JINGdong Cargo Aviation Co., Ltd. was registered, with jingdong Group holding 75% of the shares. In May this year, Civil Aviation Administration of China issued a public air transport enterprise business license for Jiangsu Jingdong Cargo Aviation Co., LTD. According to the announcement, JINGdong Cargo Airlines will introduce three Boeing 737 cargo planes. It is understood that the company will officially set sail in August.
京东物流由使用第三方运力到自建货运航空公司，不但可以减少中间环节，提高物流效率，还可以将航空与公路、铁路以及海运结合起来，实现多式联运，提高供应链的整体竞争力，更好地满足客户多样化的需求。
From the use of third-party transportation capacity to self-built cargo airlines, Jingdong Logistics can not only reduce intermediate links and improve logistics efficiency, but also combine aviation with roads, railways and sea transportation to realize multimodal transportation and improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain. Better meet the diverse needs of customers.
科技引领发展
Technology leads development
物流基础设施升级
Logistics infrastructure upgrade
与传统航空货运企业不同，国内外知名电商类和快递类物流企业都将自身定位为技术驱动型企业，持续在科技创新上投入巨资。根据京东物流财报，2021年京东物流在技术研发方面的投入达到28亿元，同比增长36.9%，占总收入的2.7%。2018年～2021年，京东物流技术研发投入高达81亿元，这在国内物流企业中位于前列。
Different from traditional air cargo companies, well-known domestic and foreign e-commerce and express logistics companies have positioned themselves as technology-driven companies and continued to invest heavily in technological innovation. According to the financial report of JD Logistics, in 2021, JD Logistics’ investment in technology research and development will reach 2.8 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 36.9%, accounting for 2.7% of total revenue. From 2018 to 2021, JD.com's logistics technology research and development investment is as high as 8.1 billion yuan, which is at the forefront of domestic logistics companies.
目前，京东物流已经构建了一套全面的智能物流体系，实现了服务自动化、运营数字化及决策智能化。无人仓、自动搬运机器人、分拣机器人、智能快递车、无人车、无人机等智能设备的使用提升了京东物流在仓储、运输、分拣及配送等环节的效率；京东物流自主研发的仓储、运输及订单管理系统等则支持客户供应链实现全数字化。
At present, Jingdong Logistics has built a comprehensive intelligent logistics system, realizing service automation, digitalization of operation and intelligent decision-making. The use of unmanned warehouses, automatic handling robots, sorting robots, intelligent delivery vehicles, unmanned vehicles, drones and other intelligent equipment improves the efficiency of JD Logistics in warehousing, transportation, sorting and distribution. The storage, transportation and order management systems independently developed by JD Logistics support the full digitization of customer supply chains.
物流无人机赛道是国内外技术驱动型物流企业研发竞争的重点，目前国内顺丰速运、京东集团等企业在大型无人机应用场景下不断探索，科技水平全球领先。京东物流自主研制的“京蜓”自转旋翼支线物流无人机相关适航科目的飞行测试已经获得成功。无人机技术的不断升级将进一步推动京东物流构建涵盖末端配送、支线和干线的三级无人机智能物流体系。
The logistics drone track is the focus of R&D competition among technology-driven logistics companies at home and abroad. At present, domestic companies such as SF Express and JD.com are constantly exploring the application scenarios of large-scale drones, and the technology level is leading in the world. The flight test of the "Jingting" self-rotating wing branch logistics drone independently developed by JD Logistics has been successful in the flight test of relevant airworthiness subjects. The continuous upgrading of drone technology will further promote JD Logistics to build a three-level drone intelligent logistics system covering terminal distribution, branch lines and trunk lines.
6月28日，京东物流与南航物流宣布共建一体化智能航空物流平台，平台将聚焦航空货运、现代仓储、电商贸易与供应链管理四大业务。结合南航物流先进的航空货邮运输操作系统和京东物流丰富的智慧化仓储配送经验，此次强强合作将为京东物流深入拓展航空物流业务提供优质切入口，也将为航空货运向供应链前后端延伸提供良好契机。
On June 28, JD Logistics and China Southern Logistics announced to build an integrated intelligent aviation logistics platform, which will focus on four major businesses: air cargo, modern warehousing, e-commerce trade and supply chain management. Combined with China Southern Logistics' advanced air cargo and mail transportation operating system and JINGdong Logistics' rich experience in intelligent warehousing and distribution, this strong cooperation will provide high-quality access for jingdong Logistics to further expand its aviation logistics business, and also provide a good opportunity for air cargo to extend to the front and back ends of the supply chain.
一直以来，京东物流致力于成为全球最值得信赖的供应链基础设施服务商。其提供优质供应链服务的基石是仓储网络、综合运输网络、“最后一公里”配送网络、大件网络、冷链物流网络和跨境物流网络。截至今年3月31日，京东物流运营仓库约1400个，自营车队规模超过1.8万辆，航空货运航线超过1000条，已经建成高度协同的多层级物流基础设施和仓配网络。
Jingdong Logistics has always been committed to becoming the most reliable supply chain infrastructure service provider in the world. The cornerstone of its high-quality supply chain services is warehousing network, comprehensive transportation network, "last mile" distribution network, large-scale network, cold chain logistics network and cross-border logistics network. As of March 31 this year, JD Logistics operates about 1,400 warehouses, over 18,000 self-operated fleets, and over 1,000 air cargo routes. It has built a highly coordinated multi-level logistics infrastructure and warehouse distribution network.
京东集团从2018年开始谋划航空货运枢纽建设。同年12月，京东集团与江苏省南通市政府签署战略合作框架协议，将京东物流全球航空货运枢纽落户南通。2019年12月，投资200亿元的京东全球航空货运枢纽华东地区项目在南通开工。2020年10月，京东与安徽省芜湖市政府签署全面战略合作协议，投资950亿元的京东全球航空货运超级枢纽港落户芜湖。
Jingdong Group began to plan the construction of air cargo hub in 2018. In December of the same year, JINGdong Group signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with the Government of Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, and settled the global air freight hub of JINGdong Logistics in Nantong. In December 2019, the 20 billion yuan jingdong Global air cargo hub east China project started in Nantong. In October 2020, JINGdong signed a comprehensive strategic cooperation agreement with the Government of Wuhu city in Anhui Province, setting up its global air freight super hub port in Wuhu with an investment of 95 billion yuan.
货机在空中的顺畅运行与机场完善的设施设备以及强大的地面集疏运能力密不可分。无论是京东南通全球航空货运枢纽，还是京东芜湖全球航空货运超级枢纽港，都是为京东物流在航空货运领域的发展壮大作准备。
The smooth operation of cargo planes in the air is inseparable from the airport's complete facilities and equipment and strong ground collection and distribution capabilities. Whether it is the JD.com global air cargo hub or the JD.com Wuhu global air cargo super hub port, it is all preparations for the development and growth of JD Logistics in the air cargo field.
争夺第三方物流业务
compete for the third party logistics business
航空物流市场竞争加剧
Aviation logistics market competition intensified
与阿里巴巴电商平台轻资产、通过整合“四通一达”等多家快递公司服务其电商平台不同，京东电商平台建成不久就意识到物流的重要作用，选择了资金投入大的自建物流道路。自建物流的初衷是为了更好地服务电商平台，实现商品快速及时送达客户的目标。经过10余年建设，京东物流凭借完善的仓储、运输和配送体系，特别是优质的“最后一公里”服务成为国内名列前茅的电商平台，也让物流成为京东集团的核心竞争力。
Different from Alibaba's asset-light e-commerce platform, which integrates many express delivery companies such as "Sitong and Yida" to serve its e-commerce platform, JINGdong's e-commerce platform realized the important role of logistics shortly after its establishment and chose to build its own logistics with large capital investment. The original intention of self-established logistics is to better serve the e-commerce platform and achieve the goal of fast and timely delivery of goods to customers. After more than 10 years of construction, JINGdong Logistics has become one of the leading e-commerce platforms in China by virtue of its perfect storage, transportation and distribution system, especially its high-quality "last mile" service, which also makes logistics the core competitiveness of JINGdong Group.
随着经济环境的变化和业务范围的扩大，京东物流不再满足于仅服务电商平台本身，承接外部客户成为京东物流的选择。京东物流2021年财报和2022年第一季度财报显示，2021年京东外部客户全年收入达到591亿元，占总收入的56.5%，比例首次超过50%；2022年第一季度，京东外部客户收入达到159.6亿元，占总收入的58.4%，比重持续上升。
With the change of economic environment and the expansion of business scope, JINGdong Logistics is no longer satisfied with serving the e-commerce platform itself, and accepting external customers has become the choice of JINGdong Logistics. According to jd Logistics' 2021 financial report and the first quarter of 2022 financial report, the annual revenue of JD external customers reached 59.1 billion yuan in 2021, accounting for 56.5% of the total revenue, accounting for more than 50% for the first time. In the first quarter of 2022, the revenue of jd's external customers reached 15.96 billion yuan, accounting for 58.4% of the total revenue, and its proportion continued to rise.
今年3月13日，京东物流发布公告，将以89.76亿元收购德邦物流66.49%的股份，双方将在快递快运、跨境、仓储与供应链等领域展开深度战略合作。德邦物流在制造业拥有较大的客户群和强大的服务能力，可丰富京东物流的服务产品和客户群，助力京东物流从消费端、流通端到生产端一体化供应链的拓展。
On March 13 this year, JD Logistics announced that it would acquire 66.49% of Deppon Logistics for 8.976 billion yuan. The two sides will carry out in-depth strategic cooperation in express delivery, cross-border, warehousing and supply chain and other fields. Deppon Logistics has a large customer base and strong service capacity in the manufacturing industry, which can enrich the service products and customer base of JD Logistics and help jd Logistics to expand the integrated supply chain from the consumption end to the circulation end to the production end.
外部客户的拓展增加了服务对象的多样性。京东物流在航空货运领域的谋篇布局意味着京东物流不但已经与顺丰速运、圆通速递等拥有运力的快递公司成为竞争对手，还将与国货航、中货航、南货航、天货航等传统货运航空公司一较高下。
The expansion of external customers increases the diversity of service objects. Jd logistics' plan in the air cargo field means that jd logistics has not only become a competitor with sf Express, Yto Express and other express delivery companies with capacity, but also with Air China cargo, China Cargo, China Southern Airlines, Tiancargo Airlines and other traditional cargo airlines.
与顺丰速运和圆通速递相比，京东物流在航空货运领域的布局较晚。目前，京东货运航空还未正式运营，但是顺丰航空和圆通航空的机队均已形成一定规模。截至目前，顺丰航空的货机已经达到73架，圆通航空有10架。
Compared with SF Express and Yto Express, JD Logistics is a latecomer in the air cargo field. Currently, JINGdong Cargo Airlines has not officially operated, but THE fleets of SF Airlines and YTO Airlines have formed a certain scale. So far, SF Airlines has 73 freighters and Yto Airlines has 10.
货机购入或者租赁既需要匹配企业货物运输需求，也需要提前向飞机制造商或者租赁公司预订。因此，京东物流的货机机队距离形成规模还有很长的路要走。而在航空货运枢纽方面，京东集团的货运枢纽仍处于建设起步阶段；顺丰集团主导的湖北鄂州花湖机场已完成校飞、试飞工作，即将投用；圆通集团的浙江嘉兴全球航空物流枢纽项目也已在如火如荼地建设。
The purchase or lease of freighter not only needs to match the cargo transportation demand of the enterprise, but also needs to make a reservation to the aircraft manufacturer or leasing company in advance. Therefore, jingdong logistics cargo fleet distance from the formation of scale is still a long way to go. In terms of air freight hub, JINGdong group's freight hub is still in the initial stage of construction; The Huahu Airport in Ezhou, Hubei province, led by SF Express Group, has completed flight calibration and test flights and will soon be put into use. Yto Group's Jiaxing Global aviation logistics hub project in Zhejiang has also been in full swing.
与传统货运航空公司相比，京东物流的优势既体现在包括仓储运输配送及多式联运在内的整体供应链，又体现在拥有客户资源和货源渠道。这也是中货航、国货航等传统货运航空公司在混改时引进供应链上下游企业的重要原因。京东物流在航空货运领域涉及的运力引进、航线安排、地面保障等方面与传统货运航空公司相比缺乏经验，但随着京东货运航空的展翅翱翔，这些问题或将迎刃而解。
Compared with traditional freight airlines, the advantages of Jingdong Logistics are not only reflected in the overall supply chain including warehousing, transportation, distribution and multimodal transport, but also in the possession of customer resources and supply channels. This is also an important reason why traditional cargo airlines such as China Cargo Airlines and China Cargo Airlines have introduced upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain during the mixed reform. Compared with traditional cargo airlines, Jingdong Logistics lacks experience in the aspects of capacity introduction, route arrangement and ground support involved in the field of air freight transportation. However, with the spread of Jingdong Cargo Aviation, these problems may be solved easily.
延伸阅读
extended reading
京东货运航空未来发展猜想
Conjecture on the Future Development of Jingdong Cargo Aviation
在国内货运市场上，由于陆路运输和客机腹舱运价相对低廉，附加值不高的货物用货机运输获利空间狭小。京东货运航空未来发展的方向，可以是快速引进运力，通过主要货运枢纽集散，形成一定的航空货运规模，降低运输成本，以量换价，参考联邦快递或者美国联合包裹的运行模式，也可以是国内运输主要由卡车和客机腹舱完成，货机运力主攻国际业务，满足国际高精尖货物以及跨境电商业务发展需求。
In the domestic freight market, due to the land transport and passenger aircraft belly freight price is relatively low, low value-added goods by cargo plane transport profit space is narrow. Jingdong air freight for the future development direction, can be a quick introduction of capacity, through the main freight hub for the distribution, formed a certain scale of air cargo, reduce transport costs, with quantity in price, the mode of the reference fedex or ups, can also be a domestic transportation mainly completed by truck and passenger aircraft belly tank, cargo capacity on the international business, To meet the needs of international high-end goods and cross-border e-commerce business development.
然而，新冠肺炎疫情导致全球供应链近乎中断，也直接助推国际航空货运市场“一机难求”。随着国际客运航班腹舱运力的快速恢复，国际航空货运市场已基本恢复至疫情发生前水平，客机腹舱和现有货机运力基本满足货邮运输需求。这意味着后续进入者将面临激烈竞争，特别是对客户资源的竞争。
However, the COVID-19 epidemic led to a near disruption of the global supply chain and directly boosted the international air cargo market to "one plane is hard to find." With the rapid recovery of international passenger flight belly capacity, the international air cargo market has basically recovered to the level before the outbreak of the epidemic, and the capacity of passenger aircraft belly and existing cargo aircraft basically meets the demand for cargo and mail transportation. This means that subsequent entrants will face fierce competition, especially for customer resources.
有竞争就会有合作，竞争与合作是推动企业快速发展的直接动力。京东集团的对标企业亚马逊在其美国辛辛那提北肯塔基国际机场全球货运枢纽与全球航空货运行业的佼佼者DHL交叉利用分拣系统设施。对京东物流来说，寻求与国内外知名快递公司、传统货运航空公司、一体化供应链服务商、科技公司等进行合作，取长补短，是其在航空货运领域快速发展壮大的优选路径。
There is competition, there will be cooperation, competition and cooperation is the direct driving force to promote the rapid development of enterprises. JD.com's benchmarking company Amazon cross-uses sorting system facilities with DHL, a leader in the global air cargo industry, at its global cargo hub at United States Northern Kentucky International Airport. For Jingdong Logistics, seeking cooperation with well-known express companies at home and abroad, traditional freight airlines, integrated supply chain service providers, technology companies, etc. to learn from each other's strengths and weaknesses is the preferred path for its rapid development and development in the field of air freight.
在航空货运枢纽运营上，京东物流是借鉴联邦快递或者美国联合包裹，将航空货邮集中在货运枢纽进出，采用轮辐式集散模式，还是参考亚马逊，服务美国40多座机场，建设一个主要航空货运枢纽，建立网状航线网络模式，抑或是探索出一条更适合自身的货运枢纽运营之路？我们拭目以待。（《中国民航报》、中国民航网 特约撰稿人陈洧洧）
In the operation of air freight hub, Jingdong Logistics draws lessons from FedEx or United States Parcel to concentrate air cargo and mail in and out of the freight hub, adopts the spoke-and-spoke distribution mode, or refers to Amazon to serve more than 40 airports in the United States, build a main air freight hub, establish a mesh route network mode, or explore a more suitable freight hub operation road for itself? We'll see. (China Civil Aviation News, China Civil Aviation Network Special Contributor Chen Wei)
