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Wildfires are getting more intense around the world due to human-driven climate change

Earth just endured one of its most extreme wildfire years on record — and scientists say human-driven climate change is the cause. A sweeping new analysis, the State of Wildfires 2024–25 report, finds that human-driven global warming dramatically increased the intensity and scale of wildfires across the globe, in some regions making severe fire seasons 25 to 35 times more likely than they would have been in a cooler world. The international study combines satellite data, weather reanalysis and land-surface models to show how heat, drought and vegetation changes converged into record-breaking fires from the Amazon to California. "Land surface models simulate how climate, vegetation and fire interact across the Earth’s surface," Douglas Kelley, a land surface modeler at the U.K. Center for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and a co-lead of the State of Wildfires annual report, told Space.com. Kelley and his collaborators used two approaches to study the impacts of global wildfires, first running thousands of simulations of past fire seasons with and without the effects of human-driven climate change. Then, they looked at models of the Earth's vegetation to see how the growth and death of plants can produce fuel for wildfires. "Together, these approaches show both how climate change has already influenced major fire events, and what the future might hold,” Kelley said. The team calculated that, from March 2024 through February 2025, wildfires burned 1.4 million square miles (3.7 million square kilometers), an area larger than the size of India. Certain regions saw truly staggering spikes. Fire emissions were higher than normal, with Bolivia seeing its highest carbon dioxide emissions total of this century (771 million tons), while Canada had its second year of reaching over a billion tons its CO2 emissions. Brazil's Pantanal region, considered the world's largest wetland, had six times the average carbon dioxide emissions for the area. As carbon dioxide helps contribute to greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, these emission increases are helping to propel a positive feedback loop, driving up global warming conditions even further, which, in turn, can lead to more extreme wildfires. The most powerful finding for the team was how clear climate change emerged as a variable in driving the intensity of the wildfire seasons worldwide. "Wildfires are shaped by a tangled mix of weather, vegetation, land use and chance — factors that usually make event-scale attribution incredibly difficult. To fully reflect that complexity, we pushed our methods to explore thousands of different ways that climate, people, and ecosystems might interact to influence fire," Kelley said. "Yet across all those possibilities, the conclusion barely wavered: human-driven climate change increased the likelihood of these extreme fires and amplified how much land burned...The science has now advanced to the point where the climate signal is unmistakable. But worryingly, climate change itself has advanced so far that this signal is visible in every extreme fire event we assessed,” Kelley said. Wildfires in 2024 and 2025 killed more than 200 people worldwide, including 100 people in Nepal, 34 people in South Africa and 30 people in Los Angeles. The Southern California blazes alone forced 150,000 evacuations and caused an estimated $140 billion in damages. Similarly, fires in Canada's Jasper National Park alone cost over US $1 billion in damages while Brazil's Pantanal’s agribusiness sector lost over $200 million due to wildfires. Besides carbon emissions, air quality impacts were also significant. Fine particulate pollution from fires in Brazil reached up to 60 times higher than the World Health Organization’s safe limits, exposing hundreds of millions of people to toxic smoke. For scientists, much of this evidence comes from low-Earth orbit. Satellites such as NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites have become indispensable for detecting active fires, mapping burn scars and monitoring atmospheric pollution from smoke plumes. Those space-based observations fed directly into the State of Wildfires analysis, which used them to validate fire-weather models and quantify how much climate change has altered conditions on the ground. The research team says future versions of the report will rely even more heavily on upcoming hyperspectral sensors and next-generation Earth observation satellites, which can track vegetation dryness, fuel loads and even early-stage ignition events in near real time. For researchers like Kelley, the question then becomes: what can humanity do about it? "We touch on this in our summary for policymakers, especially around climate finance and how wildfires affect nature-based climate solutions. However, we haven’t yet been in a position to explore in depth how local fire management decisions influenced each event: what worked, what didn’t, and what we can learn. Advances in scientific methods and ongoing study time will enable us to do this, and it's a key area for future work," said Kelley.

2025-12-09 郭彤航空英-中

Visit Grand Canyon with the National Park Service Mobile App (Free)

The National Park Service Mobile App has a collection of tools to explore Grand Canyon, and more than 400 National Park Service sites nationwide. Find interactive maps, tours of park places, on-the-ground accessibility information, and much more to plan your national park adventures before and during your trip. ‎Download the NPS App on the Apple Store > Download the NPS App on Google Play >

2025-12-09 彭舒瑶国家公园英-中

3 to 18 Day Commercial River Trips: River Concessioners

The following river concessioners provide trips through Grand Canyon, Lees Ferry to Diamond Creek (226 river miles/364 km). Each company offers a variety of trips lasting 3 - 18 days in large motorized rafts, oared rafts, paddle rafts, and dories. Contact each company for more details. Aramark-Wilderness River Adventures www.riveradventures.com P.O. Box 717, Page, AZ 86040 (800) 992-8022; (928) 645-3296; FAX (928) 645-6113 Arizona Raft Adventures, LLC www.azraft.com 4050 East Huntington Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 (800) 786-7238; (928) 526-8200; FAX (928) 526-8246 Arizona River Runners, Inc. www.raftarizona.com P.O. Box 47788, Phoenix, AZ 85068-7788 (800) 477-7238; (602) 867-4866; FAX (602) 867-2174 Canyon Explorations/Canyon Expeditions www.canyonexplorations.com P.O. Box 310, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 (800) 654-0723; (928) 774-4559; FAX (928) 774-4655 Canyoneers, Inc. www.canyoneers.com P.O. Box 2997, Flagstaff, AZ 86003 (800) 525-0924; (928) 526-0924; FAX (928) 527-9398 Colorado River & Trail Expeditions, Inc. www.crateinc.com P.O. Box 57575, Salt Lake City, UT 84157-0575 (800) 253-7328; (801) 261-1789; FAX (801) 268-1193 Grand Canyon Discovery, LLC www.grandcanyondiscovery.com 4050 East Huntington Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 (800) 786-7238; (928) 526-8200; FAX (928) 526-8246 Grand Canyon Expeditions Company www.gcex.com P.O. Box 0, Kanab, UT 84741 (800) 544-2691; (435) 644-2691 Grand Canyon Raft Adventures www.azraft.com 4050 East Huntington Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 (800) 786-RAFT; (928) 526-8200; FAX (928) 526-8246 Grand Canyon Whitewater, LLC www.grandcanyonwhitewater.com PO Box 2848, Flagstaff, AZ 86003 (800) 343-3121; (928) 779-2979; FAX (928) 779-2973 Hatch River Expeditions, Inc. www.hatchriverexpeditions.com 5348 East Burris Lane, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 (800) 856-8966; (928) 526-4700; FAX: (928) 526-4703 O.A.R.S. Grand Canyon, Inc. www.oars.com P.O. Box 67, Angles Camp, CA 95222, (800) 346-6277; (209) 736-2924; FAX (209) 736-2902 Outdoors Unlimited www.outdoorsunlimited.com 6900 Townsend Winona Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 (800) 637-7238; (928) 526-4546; FAX (928) 526-6185 Tour West, Inc. www.twriver.com P.O. Box 333, Orem, UT 84059 (800) 453-9107; (801) 225-0755; FAX (801) 225-7979 Western River Expeditions, Inc. www.westernriver.com 7258 Racquet Club Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84121 (800) 453-7450; (801) 942-6669; FAX (801) 942-8514

2025-12-09 彭舒瑶国家公园英-中

Trip Planning Publications (Newspapers)

Grand Canyon National Park is continuing to adapt to changing COVID-19 guidance, and is adjusting operations as needed. Information in these publications is based on pre-pandemic operations and may not reflect current conditions. Visit this webpage for the current list of what is open and closed, and hours of operation. (updated daily).

2025-12-09 彭舒瑶国家公园英-中

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

No EV charging is available at Desert View or on the North Rim. All EV chargers around the Village are Level II, open to the public, and free of charge. While most of the EV chargers in the park offer a J1772 type plug, three Tesla chargers are available at Yavapai Lodge East.

2025-12-09 彭舒瑶国家公园英-中

流动风景里的时光诗行

铁路，于我而言，是一条承载着无数故事与梦想的长线，蜿蜒在岁月的画卷中，勾勒出属于我的风景。清晨，当第一缕阳光洒在钢轨上，金属的光泽仿佛被注入了生机。轨枕整齐地排列着，像是忠诚的卫士，默默守护着这条通往远方的道路。坐在火车上，窗外的风景如同流动的画卷。田野在眼前铺展开来，金黄的麦浪随风起伏，远处山峦连绵，云雾缭绕其间，宛如仙境。村庄错落有致地散落在山脚下，袅袅炊烟升起，那是人间烟火的气息。火车穿过隧道，短暂的黑暗过后，又是一片崭新的天地，这种瞬间的转变，让我对未知的前方充满期待。铁路风景，不仅有窗外的自然风光，还有车厢内的人间百态。每一次旅程，都是一次与陌生人相遇的机会。邻座的老者，或许会讲述他年轻时闯荡江湖的故事；对面的小朋友，或许会天真地问各种奇思妙想的问题；忙碌的商务人士，或许在旅途中处理着繁杂的工作……形形色色的旅人，共同构成了铁路风景中不可或缺的一部分。他们的喜怒哀乐、悲欢离合，在车厢这个小小的空间里交织，让旅途充满了温暖与感动。如今，中国铁路事业飞速发展，高铁如银龙般穿梭在祖国大地上，速度更快、设施更完善。坐在舒适整洁的高铁车厢内，窗外的风景如电影般快速闪过，让人目不暇接。从繁华都市到宁静乡村，从广袤平原到崇山峻岭，高铁让距离变得不再遥远，也让人们能够更加便捷地欣赏到祖国各地的美丽风景。长大后，我离开家乡求学、工作。每次回家，我都要坐火车。在车上，看着窗外熟悉的风景，我的心中总会涌起一股温暖。我的铁路风景，是岁月的见证，是梦想的启航，是情感的寄托。它如同一首动人的诗，令我难以忘怀。潍坊旅客王玉坤

2025-12-09 李正苗交通运输中-英

政策频出，绿氢绿灯还不够

要让绿氢发挥“能源社保”的功能，需要系统性改革破解当前困局。今年以来，无论是国家相关部门还是地方，都密集出台了一系列推动氢能产业尤其是绿氢发展的政策。在“双碳”目标的推动下，绿氢被业内视为给企业能源安全缴“保险”的重要途径。但实际上，绿氢这个“能源社保”体系面临着缴不起、领不到、保障低的现实困境，需要系统性改革破解当前困局。成本账：缴费门槛高不高? 之所以把绿氢视为“能源社保”，主要在于其背后的运行逻辑：企业前期高投入是为了规避未来的碳成本风险，但实际上，高昂的缴费门槛把很多企业挡在了门外。最新市场数据显示，8月国内绿氢价格约28.36元/公斤，而传统灰氢价格仅约10元/公斤，绿氢成本是灰氢的数倍。在此价差下，企业购买得越多，短期内负担越重。某钢铁企业算过一笔账：若用绿氢替代煤炭炼铁，每吨钢成本需要增加300元。按年产1000万吨规模算，年增成本高达30亿元。这对利润率仅5%左右的钢铁行业来说，负担不小。绿氢成本高企的根源在于缴费结构不合理。电费占绿氢生产成本的70%，成了最大负担。虽然目前已有高校研发新型催化剂，能将电解槽寿命提升40倍，部分电解槽直流电耗降至 3.898kWh/Nm³，但技术进步带来的降本速度，仍赶不上企业对短期收益的渴求。更棘手的是，部分电解槽依赖的贵金属催化剂，因高价让本就困难的企业雪上加霜。另外，不同地区的绿氢价格差异也很大。近期河南绿氢价格29.33元/公斤，珠三角地区却高达38.13元/公斤，导致部分企业想购买绿氢却有心无力。技术关：保障水平够不够? 绿氢的技术成熟度决定了能源保障的可靠性。今年，国家能源局组织开展能源领域氢能试点工作，试点形式分为项目试点和区域试点。试点方向包括11项，分别是规模化制氢及一体化，先进柔性离网制氢，清洁低碳氢能综合开发，规模化、长距离输送，高密度、多元化储存，炼油及煤制油气绿色替代，氢氨燃料供电供能等。此外，国家能源局还启动了“氢能技术”重点专项项目申报。虽然从政策层面看，对绿氢技术的重视在不断提高，但目前的实际效力还未全面发挥，所以反映在市场上就打了折扣。其中，电解槽技术的问题最为突出。虽然碱性电解槽占据76%的市场份额，但其难以适应风电光伏的波动性;另一种主流电解技术虽能灵活调峰，但成本太高难以普及;还有些新型电解技术尚处于试用期，十余家厂商推出新品却缺乏长期运行验证，还在试点阶段。储运环节也存在重重困难。氢气运输面临“流转难”问题。目前建成的500多座加氢站，70%集中在长三角、珠三角;某企业规划提到 2025年要建1000座加氢站，但目前仅完成14%，缺口巨大。储氢技术则保障不足：高压气态储氢成本高，液氢储运能耗大，固态储氢还在示范阶段，无法达成技术和市场的完美匹配。最根本的问题出在原料端。传统电解水制氢依赖纯水，限制了应用场景。虽然最近海水直接电解制氢技术已突破，但实际应用还需时间验证。光催化制氢等新技术无需电解槽，但目前还在试点工厂阶段，距离大规模应用还有5-10年路程。政策障：补贴落实难不难? 今年上半年，北京、河北、天津、山东、广西等共计99个地方下发政策支持氢能发展。但绿氢政策的痛点却在于政策空转。不少企业反映，尽管绿氢补贴政策看似热闹，但其流程复杂、到账缓慢、范围有限。不少企业首先面对的是审批流程的繁文缛节。比如，建设绿氢项目需办理26个证件，且必须在化工园区内。某企业负责人吐槽：“我们的制氢项目环保指标全达标，但因不在化工园区，审批卡了8个月，错过最佳建设窗口期。” 这种制度性障碍导致 2023-2024 年立项的 650 万吨绿氢项目中，实际落地仅 11 万吨，开工率不足 2%。其次，补贴政策的碎片化问题也很突出。目前绿氢补贴多为地市级政策，标准参差不齐。西北某项目能拿到1500元/吨的补贴，东南某省却侧重加氢站建设补助，如此一来，企业无法根据实际需求建设绿氢项目。当前，部分发达国家有“氢能银行”提供 10年固定补贴，对比之下我国国家级补贴明显缺位。最后，监管体系的“九龙治水”同样困扰企业。氢的能源属性虽已写入《能源法》，但管理仍分散在发改、能源、应急等多个部门。有东部某企业反映：氢车进入密闭空间、高压加氢等国际通行做法，在国内仍受限制，标准不统一让企业无所适从。这种监管的不确定性，导致不少企业不敢投入长期研发。破局路：多维破局行不行? 绿氢产业需要系统性改革破解当前困局。那些率先探索破局之道的地区和项目，已经看到了“能源社保”体系完善的曙光。从根本上来说，技术创新是发展绿氢的关键。目前，高校研发的新型催化剂让电解槽寿命提升 40 倍，光催化制氢无需电解槽，直接降低门槛;东部某加氢站用光伏发电自给自足，提高了资金使用效率。这些技术的突破让绿氢距离25元/kg 的平价临界点越来越近。同时，政策创新正在完善。国家能源局在《2025年能源工作指导意见》的通知中指出，稳步发展可再生能源制氢及可持续燃料产业，稳步推动燃料电池汽车试点应用，有序推进全国氢能信息平台建设，稳妥有序探索开展管道输氢项目试点应用，推动各地建立完善氢能管理机制。最近，东南某省已经试点绿氢项目非化工园区布局，这将大大拓展企业的项目范围。央行将氢能全产业链纳入绿色金融支持目录，相当于为绿氢设立绿色通道。某能源示范工程计划将终端氢价控制在25元/kg以内，建立了较低的绿氢价格基数，利好全产业链。这些政策组合拳，正在解决绿氢产业市场化中遭遇的实际障碍。市场机制也正在扩大绿氢的应用范围。工业领域成为绿氢运用的重要阵地：西北某绿氢耦合煤化工项目实现100%绿电供氢，钢铁行业氢冶金渗透率达8%。交通领域则是下一个发展重点：氢能重卡在封闭场景实现成本平价，2025 年销量预计突破5万辆。这种“基本+补充”的应用格局，让绿氢保障更加多层次。随着技术进步、政策完善和市场成熟，绿氢这个“能源社保”体系必将越来越完善，让企业在能源转型的道路上，缴得放心、用得安心、发展更有信心。责任编辑：赵玥

2025-12-09 彭爱岚化工中-英

宁夏机场公司民航知识进校园护航青春无忧飞

《中国民航报》、中国民航网记者路泞通讯员陈慧芝、舒子曦报道：我国民航事业的高质量发展，离不开全民航空素养的提升与青年力量的注入。宁夏机场公司地服分公司团委秉持“普及民航知识、服务青年成长、助力行业发展”的初心，将“民航知识进校园”作为长期常态化项目，持续为青年学子搭建认知民航、了解民航的桥梁。近日，地服分公司团委再度走进北方民族大学，以一场干货满满、趣味横生的 “民航知识盛宴”，为同学们解锁安全出行密码，播撒航空梦想种子。本次活动精准锚定大学生出行高频需求与认知盲区，打造了兼具实用性与知识性的全流程“出行攻略宝典”。工作人员从正规购票渠道甄别、个人信息安全保护入手，细致讲解身份证、学生证等有效证件的使用规范，以及临时乘机证明的线上线下办理流程，帮助同学们从源头规避出行风险；行李打包环节，通过实物展示、案例分析等方式，清晰拆解手提行李与托运行李的尺寸重量限制，重点强调液体、锂电池、尖锐物品等特殊物品的携带规则，深入剖析“超规、超重、超量”行李可能引发的安全隐患，让“科学打包、安全托运”的理念深入人心；值机与安检环节，不仅详细说明航班截载时间、值机柜台分布、安检违禁品清单等关键信息，还现场演示支付宝“易安检”预约流程，助力同学们提升出行效率，享受便捷服务。除了实用的出行技巧，活动更带来了一场沉浸式的民航科普之旅。从窄体机与宽体机的外观差异、客舱布局对比，到空客A320NEO与波音737MAX的燃油效率、环保性能亮点解析，再到国产大飞机C919的研发历程、商业化运营最新进展，工作人员用通俗易懂的语言与生动形象的视频，带领同学们领略民航科技的魅力。当讲到中国航空工业从追赶到并跑、再到部分领跑的跨越式发展时，同学们的民族自豪感与爱国情怀油然而生。此外，活动还揭秘了民航安全体系的“硬核实力”——从严格的适航认证标准、常态化的飞机维护检修流程，到机组人员的专业训练与应急处置能力，多维度展现了民航人“敬畏生命、敬畏规章、敬畏职责”的职业坚守，让同学们深刻理解“民航安全无小事”的深刻内涵。 “长柄雨伞需要托运吗？”“行李未同机抵达该如何维权？”“值机时姓名拼音错误能登机吗？”……在趣味互动与有奖竞答环节，针对同学们提出的出行高频疑问，工作人员结合实际案例逐一耐心解答，提供专业解决方案，并贴心分享银川河东国际机场客服热线、行李查询流程等便民渠道，以活动讲解的核心知识点为题库，设置单选题、多选题、判断题等多种题型，同学们在紧张刺激的抢答中巩固所学知识，收获精美民航主题礼品，让知识在欢笑中传递，在互动中扎根。作为宁夏机场公司地服分公司团委的品牌活动，“民航知识进校园”不仅精准填补了大学生民航出行知识空白，为青年学子的安全顺畅出行保驾护航，更在行业与高校之间搭建起常态化沟通桥梁，具有深远的长期意义。活动帮助大学生树立安全出行意识、提升生活实践能力，为其未来职场通勤、研学旅行、社会交往增添实用技能；从行业发展维度，通过近距离展示民航科技、服务与文化，让更多青年了解民航行业的发展前景与职业魅力，为民航事业储备潜在人才力量。持续的民航知识普及有助于提升全民航空素养，减少出行中的不规范行为，助力构建安全、高效、有序的航空出行环境，为社会治理赋能。宁夏机场公司地服分公司团委在深化“民航知识进校园”活动的内涵过程中，聚焦不同年龄段学生的认知特点，优化课程内容设计，新增民航职业规划、机场服务礼仪等特色模块；同时扩大活动覆盖范围，走进更多高校、中学乃至小学，通过“线上直播+线下讲座”相结合的方式，让民航知识触达更广泛的青年群体。还将进一步加强与院校的合作共建，探索“民航实践基地”“职业体验日”等常态化合作模式，让“护航青春无忧飞”的承诺持续落地，为民航事业的可持续发展与青年一代的成长成才注入源源不断的动力。（编辑：许浩存校对：李佳洹审核：韩磊）

2025-12-09 彭爱岚交通运输中-英

シュプリンガー・ネイチャーが11月16日オンライン公開した「ネイチャー」増刊号「2024ネイチャー・インデックス―科学研究都市」によると、中国は世界の科学研究都市トップ10に初めて過半数を占め、2023年の5都市から24年は6都市に増加した。北京は16年以来、引き続き世界科学研究都市ランキング1位を維持し、上海は2位を堅持。南京、広州、武漢、杭州はそれぞれ5位、6位、8位、10位となった。中国新聞網が伝えた。「ネイチャー」増刊号の「2024ネイチャー・インデックス―科学研究都市」表紙。(画像提供：シュプリンガー・ネイチャー) 今回の「ネイチャー」増刊号は、ネイチャー・インデックスが追跡する高品質学術誌における24年の主要都市および都市圏の最新研究成果の変化に焦点を当てたものだ。中国の6都市以外では、世界トップ10科学研究都市はニューヨーク都市圏、ボストン都市圏、サンフランシスコ湾岸地区、ボルチモア–ワシントンがそれぞれ3位、4位、7位、9位となっている。同増刊号によれば、中国の科学研究都市の研究パフォーマンスは大幅に向上した。広州は23年の8位から6位に上昇し、サンフランシスコ湾岸地区を初めて上回った。武漢は順位をさらに1つ上げ、杭州は23年の13位から一気にトップ10入りした。ネイチャー・インデックスの主要指標の一つである「シェア（調整後）」で見ると、北京は23年から24年にかけて研究成果が9％以上伸び、上海では20％近くの増加だった。増刊号は科学研究都市がネイチャー・インデックスの対象とする5つの主要学術分野でどのような成果を上げているかも分析している。その結果、中国都市は化学、物理科学、地球・環境科学の3分野で引き続きトップを主導していることが示された。とりわけ化学分野では、中国都市が世界トップ10を初めて独占。他の2分野でもそれぞれ6都市がランクインし、北京はいずれの分野でも1位となった。生命科学分野では、ニューヨークとボストンが1位と2位を占め、北京は3位となった。22年に新たに加わった健康科学分野では、米国都市がトップ10の半数を占め、北京は6位。上海と広州もトップ10に入り、特に広州の伸びが著しかった。（編集YF）「人民網日本語版」2025年11月17日

2025-12-09 蔡彩玲 CATTI练笔日-中

Holy Stone HS600D drone review

Holy Stone has established itself as one of the most active drone manufacturers at the beginner end of the market, offering a wide range of options to suit the requirements of beginners. The Holy Stone HS600D is an upgraded version of the HS600 and delivers 4K 30 FPS video and large 48MP photos from its automatic camera. The HS600D faces some stiff competition in the beginner category with a price of $400, but thanks to its size and power it may still be one of the best beginner drones. It's certainly not one of the best drones, but that is one of the most difficult categories for any drone to secure a position in. The HS600D does, however, offer some interesting features that expand its usefulness and creative potential for beginner pilots. It could be used by more advanced pilots for basic professional aerial tasks, but the fully automatic camera and mixed image quality will always be a hurdle to its use for more advanced operations. For beginners, this is a drone with GPS positioning, which in turn delivers features including GPS Return to Home and subject tracking. Plus, there are other creative features including timelapse, panorama, slow-motion video and Quickshots automated flight patterns. Back to top Folding design 3-axis gimbal Great controller The HS600D sports a folding design where the propeller arms fold out, taking it from a compact 7.95 x 3.74 x 3.27-in / 202 x 95 x 83 mm when folded for travel, to 14.76 x 10.16 x 3.27-in / 375 x 258 x 83 mm unfolded for flight. The propeller arms fold in, in such a way that the large fixed propellers, rather than those made of two swivelling parts, sit parallel to the sides of the airframe. Where the HS600D differs from most other folding drones is that its two front legs also fold out from the propeller arms to raise the front of the drone when on the ground. Despite these, the airframe still sits low to the ground so a landing mat will be a useful accessory for take-off and landing. Just bear in mind that this mid-sized drone weighs 21.03 oz / 603 g, so although it's lightweight, US-based amateur pilots will need to register with the FAA. The build quality of the drone is good and can’t be faulted, although it's more plastic than metal. It's fair to say that it's not quite at the standard of the best drones available but don’t let that in itself put you off because there's a huge price difference involved in many cases. The gimbal and camera housing are also made of plastic, which is likely to keep both costs and weight down, but the 3-axis mechanical gimbal paired with Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) does a great job of stabilizing video footage. The 3500 mAh LiPo batteries are advertised to provide up to 40 minutes of flight, so with two batteries in the kit that's up to an impressive hour and 20 minutes of potential flight time. Testing of the drone was conducted in early winter in the UK when temperatures were around 32°F / 0°C, so flight times were much lower at around 25 minutes, so a fair assessment couldn’t be made. In warmer months, battery life would naturally be extended. The controller that comes with the HS600D looks like it's modelled on the DJI RC-N2, but with a screen to show flight information. There's a telescopic phone holder at the top where the phone cable can be stored and the control sticks can be removed and stowed in rubberized compartments at the bottom of the unit. There are also seven direct access controls to make operation more convenient by providing quick access to commonly used settings and features, which reduces the need to use app control. The controller and drone take 40 seconds to pair each time one or both are switched on, and with each flight in a new location, you'll be prompted to calibrate the compass; this only takes around 15 seconds to complete so it's never an issue. Auto Return to Home Timelapse functionality GPS subject tracking Most drones these days come packed with a range of useful and, indeed, creative features. The HS600D is one such drone and delivers a handful of features that enhance the overall experience of using the drone from both a safety and creative point of view. Firstly, one feature that US pilots will appreciate is that the HS600D features a built-in Remote ID to meet FAA requirements. This is also a GPS-enabled drone which means that it will hold a hover. Although, it's not the most precise in this area — there is some horizontal and vertical movement. Sadly, you cannot rely on its precision at low altitudes and close to obstacles. GPS does, however, deliver a couple of useful features which include GPS Follow Me, which uses the GPS signal from your smartphone to track you. Then there's Return to Home (RTH) functionality with Smart RTH to return to the take-off point. Return to Home also offers Failsafe RTH and Low Voltage RTH, which bring the drone back in situations where the signal to the controller is lost and when the battery charge is low, among other situations. Another safety feature, although one you wouldn’t need to use too often, if at all, is Optical Flow Positioning for indoor flights when a GPS signal is unavailable. This ultimately isn’t the type of drone that's well-suited to indoor flight. The HS600D also offers shooting modes including Panorama, Time-lapse and Slow Motion. All are easy to use but when creating a panorama, the final image is only available on your smartphone with low-resolution dimensions that vary from shot to shot but are typically around 2346 x 633 pixels. This is despite the 48MP resolution of the sensor. There's also AI Subject Tracking, which works well to follow the selected subject, but the drone either remains in a hover or you have to fly it manually if the subject is moving. Then there are Quickshots automated flight patterns, including Point of Interest, Catapult, One-key Ascension and Spiral Up. Other options within the same menu include Gesture Selfie and Selfie Video, Camera Filter and Portrait Format Capture. For the latter, a 9:16 format 4K video is captured while a landscape format image is captured on the microSD card; the upright photo is saved to your smartphone in 9:16 format 4K dimensions. Mixed image quality results Auto camera control only Photos in JPEG only The HS600D camera features a 48MP Sony 1/2.3 in CMOS sensor and a fixed f/1.8 aperture. Information about the equivalent focal length produced by the lens is unavailable. The camera itself is fully automatic, so you simply point and shoot to capture photos and videos. The only adjustments available are for white balance, contrast, saturation, sharpness and brightness. Frustratingly, there's no control over exposure compensation, so in some situations, the camera will naturally over- or underexpose photos and videos slightly. This is an incredibly simple control that's essential for any camera, but arguably most important for a fully automatic camera. With the sun behind the drone with the camera facing forward, however, exposure is typically fine. Image quality, like most drones, is best in brighter conditions. Photos and videos are captured in two formats: one on the microSD card that's inserted into the drone and another on your smartphone. Photos are captured at 48MP with dimensions of 8000 x 6000 pixels when saved to the microSD card in the drone. These are also saved to your phone at 3840 x 2160 pixels (4K). Please note the footage below was shot in 4K but our video player only plays in HD. Video here Panoramic images are only saved to your phone at low resolution rather than on the microSD card at a higher resolution. Video is captured at 4K 30 FPS when saved to the microSD card while 720p 30 FPS is set to your phone. It's pretty basic, but the main thing here is that 4K video is captured at 30 FPS. The image quality is pretty good, but what's strange is that there's a noticeable fall-off in depth-of-field further back into the scene you’re shooting, particularly with photos. The front of the scene is perfectly sharp but the fall off is visible. Video is much better when the drone is moving because the eye can’t settle on a fixed point, but with static video, you do notice the fall-off in sharpness. The Holy Stone HS600D costs $400, which puts it up against some serious competition from the likes of the Holy Stone HS900, DJI Mini 4K and the DJI Mini 3. All three of these models are also regulator-friendly sub-250 g models. However, the HS600D is a larger and more powerful drone, which undoubtedly has advantages in certain situations. The HS600D comes in a kit that includes the HS600D drone, a controller, two batteries, phone connection cables, USB-C cables for battery and controller charging, a spare set of propellers and a shoulder bag to carry everything. In a nutshell, this is everything you need to get started except for registering with your local aviation authority. If you're looking for a point-and-shoot drone where you have no control over camera exposure settings for photos and videos, the HS600D is one of the larger and more powerful models to offer this basic beginner functionality. There are also several other features available including time-lapse, slow-motion video, panorama and GPS subject tracking, so you do have creative options available. As previously mentioned, the HS600D faces some stiff competition from some impressive drone models in the same price bracket. In light of this, you have to consider these models alongside the HS600D to decide which is ultimately the best model for you. The Holy Stone HS900 is the best drone Holy Stone has produced to date with excellent flight capabilities and a great camera to match. It's also less expensive than the HS600D. The DJI Mini 4K is DJI's least expensive drone that's capable of capturing 4K video. Image quality is great for a drone with a small sensor. Plus, it flies well and is incredibly easy to use. The DJI Mini 3 is an affordable mini drone with a fantastic camera that can be rotated 90 degrees for capturing photos and videos in landscape and portrait formats. It's a great sub-250 g all-rounder. Back to top

2025-12-09 汪嘉琪航空英-中

省网改革的山东样本

《山东省天然气管道运输价格管理办法》提高了管道运输价格监管的科学性、规范性和透明度。 8月13日，山东省发展和改革委员会印发了《山东省天然气管道运输价格管理办法》(以下简称《管理办法》)。这是首份响应国家发展改革委、国家能源局8月1日印发的《关于完善省内天然气管道运输价格机制促进行业高质量发展的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)的地方文件，提供了省内天然气管道运输价格改革的样本。积极响应《管理办法》是对党和国家价格治理新部署的积极响应。近段时间来，党和国家对价格治理做出了新的部署。例如，4月2日，中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《关于完善价格治理机制的意见》。涉及天然气管输的有“营造竞争有序市场环境。废止妨碍全国统一大市场建设和公平竞争的价格政策，防止政府对价格形成的不当干预……加强输配电、天然气管道运输等网络型自然垄断环节价格监管”。再例如，7月24日，国家发展改革委、市场监管总局发布《中华人民共和国价格法修正草案(征求意见稿)》，其中规定“政府指导价、政府定价水平，可以通过制定作价办法、规则等定价机制确定”，确认价格治理可以从“政府制定价格水平”转向“政府制定价格机制，市场形成价格水平”，更好适应市场变化。《管理办法》顺应深化天然气体制机制改革大势。2017年以来，我国油气体制改革加快推进。2019年国家管网集团组建成立后，总里程超10万千米的国家干线管网实现运销分离与公平开放，基于服务成本法的天然气管输价格形成机制也普遍建立，跨省管输价格实现从“一线一价”到“一企一价”再到“一区一价”的跨越，管网运营机制改革目标初步实现。但是，互联互通不足、管网层级多、各级管网关系复杂、应急协同不畅、重复建设等问题仍然存在，在省网环节尤为明显，制约了“全国一张网”高效运行。《管理办法》是山东省天然气行业高质量发展的现实要求。截至2024年，山东省天然气管道长度达到1万千米以上，但管道主体多且管输价格复杂。除省内主干管道外，天然气管输定价多种模式并存。复杂的管网情况制约了山东省天然气行业的高质量发展。一方面管道主体互相竞争、重复建设、各自为战，对外开放程度不够，使得管网运行效率低，统一调度和应急保供能力受限。另一方面出于自身利益考量，管输层层收费和不合理收费多，抬高终端用气成本。从定标准向定机制转变在《管理办法》出台前，《山东省天然气管道运输价格管理暂行办法》对天然气管输价格采用政府定价的模式。在内容中主要规定了管输定价的核价范围、计算方法、参数内涵、约束条件和定调价流程等，倾向于制定统一的、明确的规则或参数，用来作为价格形成或调整的依据，更多的是一种定标准的逻辑。《管理办法》倾向于规定价格如何制定、调整、传导的运作方式和程序，形成一套系统的运行规则和制度安排，更多的是在政策层面明确价格形成机制。例如，天然气管输价格采用政府指导价的模式，由省价格主管部门核定最高限价，具体价格水平则由市场决定。引入标杆价格机制，参与核算的企业执行标杆价格，其他企业执行折算价格;无代表性企业、无法计算标杆价格的地区，按照相邻市域或其他各市标杆价格的平均水平确定，以促进行业优胜劣汰。建立天然气联运价格确认和收入分配机制。通过不同管道经营企业投资建设管道接续供气的，按不同类型管道的运输价格叠加。联运企业结算运输费时按实际运输距离的比例分摊，同时规定联运气量的路由和各管线对应的运距应在天然气销售合同中载明，在政策层面限制层层加价并提高透明度。强化省级统筹，因地制宜《指导意见》明确提出，“省内天然气管道运输价格应当实行统一定价模式，由‘一线一价’‘一企一价’向分区定价或全省统一价格过渡，实现与跨省天然气管道运输价格机制有效衔接，助力形成‘全国一张网’”。而在具体操作上，《指导意见》更多的是原则性意见，考虑了各省市的实际情况，预留了政策空间。《管理办法》在充分研究山东省现有天然气管网运营模式、参数、路由、成本费用的基础上，提出了一系列创新。例如，在定价模式方面，提出分类定价，省内主干管道、跨市管道和市域内管道分别实行“同网同价”“同企同价”“同市同价”，结合当前价格复杂的实际，逐步过渡。在参数设置方面，准许收益率参考10年期国债收益率加4个百分点，并结合管道建设需要、用户承受能力等因素确定，最高不超过8%。在过渡期政策方面，对于价格调整幅度过大的存量管道经营企业，合理设置不超过3年的过渡期限，过渡期内执行过渡期价格。同时，明确省价格主管部门可根据管道经营企业实际运行情况和用户承受能力等，将调整幅度在不同监管周期内平滑处理，应调未调产生的收入差额分摊到未来年度进行补偿或扣减。此外，明确了海底管道、应纳入城镇燃气配气管网定价的输气管道、专用直供管道以及“背靠背”分输站等供气环节的价格管理要求。带来多方面影响《管理办法》作为《指导意见》的首份地方响应文件，其影响是多方面的。在国家层面，提供了一份省网改革的标准样本。《管理办法》充分结合《指导意见》和山东省网实际情况，兼顾改革目标和平稳过渡需求，形成了一套系统的价格形成、过渡、调整和监管机制，为其他地区省内管输价格优化和“一张网”建设提供了参考。在山东省层面，强化了省级统筹，综合制定最高限价减少了逐一核价的工作量，明确的联运价格机制便于区域管网协同管理，健全的处罚措施和特殊情形管理规定补充了监管工具，同时相应地提高了政府价格治理能力的要求。在管输企业层面，促进行业优胜劣汰。除了跨市管道暂行的“同企同价”模式外，“同网同价”“同市同价”“标杆价格”“分区定价”等模式均偏向于成本管理优秀和输气量较好的企业，让其能够获得管输定价的主动权，也能获得较高收益。对于经营效益较差的企业，过渡期政策虽然能够缓冲短期影响，但平滑处理机制会增加缓冲期后的经营压力，倒逼企业控制成本、提质增效。长远来看，经营效益较好的企业仍具有比较优势，最终导向优胜劣汰和资源整合。在管网用户层面，明晰了管输环节成本，一方面确定了管输层级，避免层层加价和不合理收费，增加了用气透明度和公平性，便于核算成本，激发管道气用户积极性;另一方面管输环节对终端用户气源选择和资源商市场开发的约束力减弱，促进天然气市场的双向选择和有效竞争，推进省网高效集输。责任编辑：陆晓如

2025-12-08 汪嘉琪化工中-英

Peru decides to break diplomatic relations with Mexico: Peruvian FM

The government of Peru has decided to break diplomatic relations with Mexico, Peruvian Foreign Minister Hugo de Zela told a press conference on Monday. The minister said Betssy Chavez, former prime minister of the Pedro Castillo government, who is prosecuted for a failed coup attempt in December 2022, is being granted asylum at the residence of the Mexican embassy in Lima. "In response to this unfriendly act, and considering the repeated instances in which the current and former presidents of that country (Mexico) have interfered in Peru's internal affairs, the Peruvian government has decided, as of today, to break diplomatic relations with Mexico," he said.

2025-12-08 郭彤时政英-中

AICM发布《2025可持续发展报告》

10月30日，国际化学品制造商协会（AICM）在嘉兴举办的中国化工园区发展大会上，正式发布了《2025 AICM可持续发展报告》。本年度的报告以“化工材料创新与绿色价值链协同”为主题，通过翔实的调研与案例分析，深入剖析了成员企业在材料创新与应用与绿色工厂与价值链整合两大核心领域的实践路径、驱动力与挑战，并为行业的高质量与可持续发展提供了前瞻性的系统建议与行动指南。 AICM理事会主席夏赋良表示：“在全球迈向低碳经济的浪潮中，化工行业的角色正在被重新定义。AICM的会员企业正积极将全球领先的技术与最佳实践经验融入中国市场，从生物基材料到化学循环，从零碳工厂到全链条碳管理，我们致力于通过切实行动，将‘绿色承诺’转化为‘绿色产出’，助力中国‘双碳’目标的实现。” AICM执行理事戴薇分享道：“今年的报告清晰地显示，政策推动、下游客户需求与企业内在战略已形成强大合力，驱动着化工行业向可持续方向加速转型。作为连接在华跨国化工企业与政府、公众及各利益相关方的桥梁，AICM将持续致力于构建对话平台、促进经验共享、推动政策协同，我们相信，通过集体的智慧和协同的行动，能够把握绿色转型带来的巨大机遇。” 《2025 AICM可持续发展报告》指出，要实现深度的行业绿色转型，需在“材料创新”和“绿色价值链”两个维度上协同发力。报告显示，90.9%的受访企业将“公司战略愿景”视为推进材料创新的核心驱动力。在推动材料创新与应用过程中，生物基材料（81.8%）、高性能聚合物（68.2%）、新能源与再生材料（近60%）成为企业重点布局的领域。这些创新材料在汽车轻量化、电子电器高性能化、绿色包装等下游应用中展现出广阔前景，是从源头减少碳足迹和资源依赖的关键。调研发现，约50%的受访企业已完成绿色工厂认证，标志着行业在生产环节的绿色化、低碳化已取得显著进展。企业正通过能源结构优化、资源循环利用、数字化监控等手段，推动工厂实现“用地集约化、原料无害化、生产洁净化、废物资源化、能源低碳化”。更重要的是，行业正从“单点”的绿色工厂建设，迈向“全链条”的价值链整合，通过绿色采购、产业园区协同、构建产品回收体系，实现从原材料到产品全生命周期的可持续发展。报告也深入分析了行业在可持续发展道路上遇到的挑战。59.1%的受访成员认为成本控制是企业面临的首要挑战，此外，政策支持力度、供应链稳定性及下游客户接受度亦是普遍关切（各有约50%受访者提及）。与此同时，挑战之中蕴藏着巨大机遇。报告指出，践行可持续发展为化工企业带来了切实的商业价值，包括：催生技术进步与创新、提升品牌形象与市场声誉、开拓新的市场与客户群体、强化政府及合作伙伴关系。这表明，可持续发展已成为企业核心竞争力的重要组成部分。为加速化工行业绿色转型，AICM在报告中提出了系统性的建议：完善财税激励政策工具，设立专项基金，支持生物基、易回收和低碳材料的研发与产业化。构建标准化与国际化认证体系，制定统一的产品碳足迹核算标准，推动国际互认。推动产业链协同创新，鼓励组建绿色产业联盟，共建大数据平台，实现资源共享。加速循环经济与低碳材料发展，出台针对化学回收等技术的专项支持政策。优化监管与审批流程，为创新材料设立绿色通道，缩短市场化周期。立足“化工材料创新与绿色价值链协同”这一主题，AICM承诺将平台优势转化为具体行动。将强化成员协同，定期组织专题研讨，共享材料创新与绿色工厂建设的最佳实践；我们将深化政策沟通，围绕报告提出的建议，如碳足迹标准互认、绿色审批通道等，与政府部门开展建设性对话，寻求实质性突破；此外，将通过多种形式的活动，向社会展示化工材料创新如何赋能下游产业的绿色变革，提升公众认知与信任。 AICM自2019年首次发布可持续发展报告以来，持续追踪并展示在华跨国化工会员企业在可持续发展领域的进程与承诺。报告基于对会员企业的问卷调查、案例研究及深度访谈，旨在为行业、政策制定者及社会各界提供有价值的参考，推动基于科学的对话与合作，共同迈向更可持续的未来。

2025-12-08 詹勋颖化工中-英

Australian Government provides financing details to support Air T acquisition of Rex Airlines

Australia's Minister for Infrastructure Catherine King announced (04-Nov-2025) details of the financing the Australian Government will provide to support the prospective sale of Rex Airlines to Air T Inc. The carrier's existing debt will be restructured to the Australian Government, with approximately AUD90 million (USD58.4 million) of existing debt to be carried forward and a new commercial loan of AUD60 million (USD39 million) to be provided to Rex. This will supplement the AUD50 million (USD32.5 million) being contributed by Air T towards the recapitalisation of the business. In exchange, Air T has agreed to a range of commitments aimed at preserving essential regional aviation connectivity and improving governance arrangements. This will include returning more aircraft to service and increasing the frequency of profitable flights across the Rex network. The Government will retain its security over all of Rex's aircraft and its simulator, ensuring the Saab fleet cannot be sold without the Government's permission and will continue to service communities across regional and remote Australia. [more - original PR]

2025-12-08 詹勋颖交通运输英-中

EASA improves ReFuelEU Aviation reporting process in updated Sustainability Portal

The EASA Sustainability Portal is a digital platform designed to streamline and simplify reporting for the ReFuelEU Aviation and the Flight Emissions Label. It provides a centralised, secure, and user-friendly environment that enhances collaboration through automated data validation and structured collaboration. The Portal was recently improved in look and functionalities to best meet the need of its users. These enhancements include: Improved data reporting: the data submission process has been enhanced with new functionalities to manage both data reporting (ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation – Article 8) with automated data checks and the justification process for the refuelling obligation (ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation – Article 5.2) in two separate tracks. Verifier: verifier organisations will now be part of the portal. This allows aircraft operators to assign a verifier directly to their data submission and enables verifiers to use the portal's automated data checks. News: a new central place for all important updates and news items, keeping all users informed of ongoing changes. Contacts: a new “contact role” to keep stakeholders informed without requiring a user account. Refreshed knowledge base: improved support area to make navigation easier, and numerous articles have been updated to introduce the new functionalities and align with the new interface. Improved interface: clearer visual guidance, improved menus, and focus on the task at hand by hiding irrelevant features. Besides making the portal more efficient to use it also makes it future-proof for adding new functionalities, such as the Flight Emissions Label. The EASA Sustainability Portal is an invitation-only platform for key stakeholders, including the European Commission, EASA, Competent Authorities and Aircraft Operators and, now, Verifiers. It was launched in 2024 and counts with more than 1000 users. It is an important tool for reporting obligations under the ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation: it was used by over 270 aircraft operators to report ReFuelEU Aviation data to their Competent Authorities. This data was used in the first ReFuelEU Aviation Annual Technical Report.

2025-12-08 林梓灿航空英-中

AAHK director of hub development: PPP model a 'very powerful tool' for airports

Airport Authority Hong Kong (AAHK) director of hub development Chapman Fong, speaking at the CAPA Airline Leader Summit Asia, stated (31-Oct-2025) the public-private partnership (PPP) model is a "very powerful tool", particularly in Asia Pacific where traffic is growing quickly and airport investment is expensive. Mr Fong said the "best model" for a PPP depends on the context and it is "not a one size fits all" situation.

2025-12-08 詹勋颖交通运输英-中

Hubble sees spiral galaxy in Lion's heart | Space photo of the day for Nov. 4, 2025

Located in the constellation Leo, spiral galaxy NGC 3370 has long been a favorite among astronomers. NGC 3370 is part of a small galaxy group that also other galaxies studied by the Hubble Space Telescope. Studying these galaxies together helps astronomers understand how galaxies interact, evolve and influence one another over cosmic timescales. Spiral galaxies are among the most striking and familiar structures in the universe. Characterized by graceful, winding arms that spiral out from a bright central bulge, these systems are rich with both young and old stars, swirling gas and cosmic dust. The Milky Way, our own galactic home, is one such spiral, and studying other examples like NGC 3370 provides astronomers with clues about how galaxies form and evolve. Spiral galaxy NGC 3370 is located 90 million light years away in the Leo constellation. NGC 3370 is home to two types of celestial landmarks that have helped astronomers chart cosmic distances with precision: Cepheid variable stars and Type la supernovas. Cepheids are pulsating stars whose brightness rises and falls in predictable cycles, the longer the period of pulsation, the more luminous they are. Meanwhile, Type la supernovas occur when a white dwarf star undergoes a thermonuclear explosion, reaching nearly the same peak brightness each time. By comparing how bright these objects appear from Earth with how bright they actually are, astronomers can calculate their distances, and in turn, measure how quickly the universe is expanding. Together, these "standard candles" form the backbone of the cosmic distance ladder, a framework that has shaped our modern understanding of cosmic scale and motion. You can learn more about the Hubble Space Telescope and galaxy formation.

2025-12-08 林梓灿航空英-中

Malaysia Airlines COO: Pilot training costs 'something we really need to address as an industry'

Malaysia Airlines COO Nasaruddin A Bakar, speaking at the CAPA Airline Leader Summit Asia, stated (31-Oct-2025) the costs involved in pilot training are a "serious issue" and "something we really need to address as an industry". Mr Bakar said the airline has been "doing a lot of marketing to promote the industry" to support recruitment, particularly for engineers.

2025-12-08 詹勋颖交通运输英-中

Electric ARFF vehicles enter into service at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

Oshkosh Airport Products announced (13-Nov-2025) the entry into service of six new Striker Volterra 6x6 electric aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) vehicles at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. The airport becomes one of the first in the US to adopt electric ARFF technology. The vehicles feature a proprietary Oshkosh electric powertrain paired with an electro-mechanical infinitely variable transmission. This allows the vehicles to operate in electric mode with zero emissions during station entry, standby and low-speed operations. When full power is required, the integrated system draws on both the battery and internal combustion engine, without any additional operator intervention. [more - original PR]

2025-12-08 林梓灿交通运输英-中

国货航圆满完成中国政府援助巴基斯坦救灾物资包机任务

北京时间10月4日15时，满载中国政府援助巴基斯坦救灾物资的CA1095航班平稳降落在伊斯兰堡国际机场。随着舱门开启，这场跨越国境的应急运输任务正式画上圆满句号，也再次印证了国货航作为中航集团旗下专业货运航空公司，在国际应急物流领域的责任担当与专业实力。此次运输的救灾物资涵盖毛毯、帐篷、救生衣、睡袋等共计2400余件、总重量达89吨，将为巴基斯坦受灾民众提供亟需的生活与安全保障。未来，国货航将持续发挥全球货运网络覆盖广、运力调配灵活等优势，积极承担国际应急运输任务，以专业服务诠释“中航速度”，以载旗航空的使命担当，在国际物流舞台上传递中国温度、彰显国企力量。（文：周闻昊）

2025-12-08 李正苗航空中-英

本校翻译实践排行榜

孟馨卓

34489字

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